Nouvelles

Ask Charles Bouchard what keeps him awake at night and the chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin Canada won't hesitate: “Our ability to protect our cyber systems.” At a time when access to intellectual property (IP) is raising debate among aerospace OEMs, suppliers, in-service support and MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul) companies, and governments and militaries, protecting data is a hot topic. Lockheed Martin has seen enough of its IP stolen in recent years to take the problem seriously. But Bouchard believes many industry executives don't truly understand the challenge or the cost. “It's one thing to say, we want the IP. The next question is, can you defend it? Can you protect it? That is a problem today,” he told Skies. “Subcontractors . . . need to protect their data because they are connecting to our systems, especially if IP will be passed to them. How are we going to do that? We have gone beyond putting a guard at the front gate and a lock on the door. [And] for some, it's a significant investment.” Cyber defence is a national imperative, said retired Major-General Robert Wheeler, a 32-year veteran of the United States Air Force and a senior advisor to Avascent Global Advisors. Whether the threat comes from nations or non-state actors such as terrorist or criminal organizations, cyber experts are seeing an increase in frequency and capability “in this particular type of warfare.” “They are going after companies that are not prepared to deal with it, to take their IP and create havoc...,” the former deputy chief information officer in the Office of the Secretary of Defense told executives at the Canadian Aerospace Summit in Ottawa Nov. 7. Modern aircraft, with their vast supply chains and increasingly networked systems, present an attractive “avenue for bad guys to get in.” In a presentation that highlighted recent attacks in Canada, the U.S. and elsewhere, Wheeler showed how the relentless pursuit of corporate and government data has jeopardized military, commercial and critical infrastructure systems and programs. The 2011 attack on Defence Research and Development Canada, for example, was not only a costly systems problem to fix, it also raised questions about what government, industry and research data was exfiltrated. Likewise, the 2015 hack of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management was alarming because the benign-sounding agency houses the security clearances, including digital photo and biometric identification, for government, intelligence and military personnel. “Data is the commodity of the 21st century,” said Wheeler. While the sheer volume of new data might be a sign that more intellectual property is being created and the economy is growing, corporate breaches are keeping pace, and “the cost of each breach is accelerating” in terms of dollars and lost IP. Cyber attacks are also starting to impact the C-suite, he noted. The 2013 breach of Target's payment card system cost chief executive officer Gregg Steinhafel his job, and executives with credit reporting agency Equifax have been “publicly flogged” in the wake of the hack of millions of client records in October. ere may be greater consequences for companies that don't do due diligence, Wheeler suggested, pointing to changes taking shape in the legal regime following the Target attack. While greater investment in cyber defence is important, “this is not a technology issue,” he said. “This is a leadership issue” that requires a change in organizational culture and executives who understand the challenge and can “walk the talk.” It also requires more employee training, not only in best cyber hygiene practices, but also in how to use networking and cyber tools to be more resilient, agile and quick to respond. The payoff is a more effective, efficient and competitive company. “[So] many solutions to problems of this world today are in the data,” he said. “If you do this correctly . . . there is an opportunity to be more competitive, more collaborative, to come up with faster ideas in an environment and age when we have to come up with faster ideas.” https://www.skiesmag.com/news/cyber-consequences-attacks-hitting-c-suite/

Gen. Jonathan Vance said that despite speculation, there was never a plan in the works to deploy troops on a single UN operation. OTTAWA—Training foreign troops will be the “flagship” of Canada's newly announced peace operations strategy, says the country's top soldier, who concedes that elements of the plan still require months more work. Prime Minster Justin Trudeau on Wednesday took the wraps off his government's long-awaited effort to reengage with United Nations peace missions. Elements of the strategy include $15 million in funding to boost participation by women soldiers in UN operations; an initiative to end the recruitment of child soldiers; and the promise of Canadian personnel to assist with training. It also pledges up to six helicopters, two transport aircraft and a quick reaction force of up to 200 personnel to support UN missions. But apart from Trudeau's promise of a single transport aircraft for UN operations based in Uganda, the plan offered no details on possible deployments. Gen. Jonathan Vance, the chief of defence staff, said it would be “inappropriate” to say when those might start. “I'm not even going to hazard a guess on that one right now. Step number one is now to get into detailed planning with the UN and find out . . . the what, the where and the when,” he said in an interview. This week's announcement was months in the making. The Liberals pledged in the 2015 election to “recommit” to UN peace operations, in part by providing specialized capabilities such as medical teams and engineering support. That promise was followed in August, 2016 by a commitment to deploy up to 600 troops and 150 police officers on UN operations. Canada's contributions to UN peace missions are at their lowest levels in years with just 23 military personnel currently assigned to such operations. That's not likely to change soon. In the wake of Wednesday's commitments, Vance made clear that it will take many months yet of planning and discussions with the United Nations to determine how Canada's offers of personnel and equipment can best fit with ongoing missions. “Some of the ‘when' on smart pledges is years away. Some of the ‘when' on other potential operations is sooner than that,” he said. Some observers criticized the Liberal government for not committing personnel to a single mission, choosing instead to disperse personnel among many possible locations. But Vance said that despite speculation, there was never a plan in the works to deploy troops on a single UN operation, saying, “I've never received guidance that said do a mission with 600 (troops).” Suggestions that troops were headed to Mali, for example, or that the announcement had been delayed “didn't match the reality of the work we were doing,” Vance said. “There were a lot of assumptions made about, ‘hey, we're going to Africa',” Vance said Instead, he said that Canada was working with the United Nations “to figure out a new way of doing business.” And he said repeated fact-finding trips by bureaucrats and politicians, including visits to African countries, were not about scouting any one particular mission. “That's us doing research . . . that allowed us to arrive at an approach that government could consider,' he said. “We've been working for over a year to determine what are the various options available to government in terms of how to improve UN performance overall with Canadian troops,” Vance said. Yet given that Africa is the location of many UN missions so “it's very likely a place where we would offer contributions,” Vance said. The peace support strategy calls for a new training and advisory team to work with a nation before and during a deployment to improve their own ability to conduct peace operations. It also says that Canada will contribute to training centres and schools. Vance said such activities will be the “flagship” of the plan. “We're going to try and leverage the Canadian expertise, one of the best trained militaries in the world and best equipped, . . . so that UN mission performance can improve,” Vance said. Defence analyst Dave Perry said elements of the peacekeeping strategy make sense. The problem, he said, is that the government itself had raised expectations with its drawn-out decision-making and rhetoric about its intentions. “It wasn't just what the government was saying publicly. I think there were also a number of commitments that were strongly intimated to some of Canada's key allies,” Perry said in an interview. “My sense is that the different options that were put forward by the department of national defence for whatever reasons weren't palatable to the government,” said Perry, a senior analyst with the Canadian Global Affairs Institute. While he said the contributions to UN operations were “modest,” Perry said Canada is better off providing military support to other missions, such as coalition efforts to combat Daesh, or NATO roles. “Bluntly, there are better ways of achieving Canadian national objectives in the world that through UN missions,” Perry said. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/16/training-foreign-troops-will-be-the-flagship-of-canadas-new-un-peace-strategy-top-soldier-says.html

Montreal, November 14, 2017 – Discovery Air Defence Services Inc. (“DA Defence”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Discovery Air Inc., today announced that it has now flown its first fast jet training mission in support of the Australian Defence Force's Fast Jet Trial contract. Two DA Defence upgraded Alpha Jets and four Air Affairs Learjets participated in air-to-air missions as Red Air aggressors near RAAF Williamtown, New South Wales. The jets were participating in the Royal Australian Air Force 81 Wing workups for future exercises. “This inaugural fast jet mission is a great milestone for everyone involved in our new Australian program,” said Steven “Bunt” Nierlich, DA Defence Program Manager and a highly-experienced former CF-18 pilot. “Discovery Air Defence and Air Affairs Australia are committed to delivering the world's best adversary training to the Australian Defence Force.” “This mission marks the achievement of initial operating capability (IOC) in our Australian fast jet program,” said Paul Bouchard, President of DA Defence. “Working closely with our partner Air Affairs Australia, also an expert in providing both jet and unmanned target services, we look forward to training the Australian Defence Force with highly-representative adversary threats beyond this trial and into the future.” DA Defence is the most experienced provider of turnkey tactical airborne training in the world. With eight Main Operating Bases across three continents, DA Defence operates the world's largest privately-owned fleet of aggressor and combat support aircraft. With an unparalleled safety record, including 66,000 accident-free flight hours, DA Defence, along with their wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, Top Aces Corp., is the exclusive contracted airborne training service provider to the Canadian, German, and Australian armed forces. DA Defence's unique mix of modern fighter and special mission aircraft equipped with representative 4th generation threat capabilities delivers the mission profiles, flexibility, and availability demanded by the world's leading air forces. About DA Defence and Discovery Air DA Defence and its U.S. subsidiary, Top Aces Corp., have the world's largest privately-held operating fleet of fighter aircraft. The training provided supports the operational readiness of both current and future generation fighter aircraft. Discover more on how DA Defence is changing the face of air combat training at experiencematters.ca. #CdnInnovation #AeroInnovates Discovery Air Inc. is a global leader in specialty aviation services. We deliver exceptional air combat training; medevac equipped aircraft services; air charter services; helicopter operations; and transport and logistics support to ensure operational readiness, health, safety, and vital lifelines for our clients and the communities we serve. Discovery Air's unsecured convertible debentures trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (symbol DA.DB.A). For Further Information: Garrick Ngai Director of Marketing Garrick.Ngai@discoveryair.com 514-694-5565 http://www.discoveryair-ds.com/page?a=2082&lang=fr-CA

​The 36-State ICAO Council. In endorsing the very first Global Aviation Security Plan today to improve international coordination, reponse, and planning relating to threats to civil aviation passengers, aircraft and facilities, the Council encouraged the ICAO Secretariat to continue refining and improving it on the basis of close continued cooperation with States and security stakeholders globally, and with due attention to all applicable implementation assistance and capacity building requirements in ICAO's Regions. ​ Montréal, 15 November 2017 – The ICAO Council took an historic step in endorsing the very first Global Aviation Security Plan to improve international coordination, response, and planning to counter threats to civil aviation passengers, cargo, aircraft and facilities. “This new strategic document will assist ICAO Member States in their aviation security coordination with other States and applicable security agencies, as well as helping to nurture security cultures and capabilities, place greater focus on the role of new technologies and innovations, and refine related frameworks for oversight and quality assurance,” affirmed ICAO Council President Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu. A set of indicators and target dates have also been established, and all associated targets and outcomes will be regularly reviewed and adjusted, taking into account all new and emerging aviation security threats. “The Council has encouraged the ICAO Secretariat to continue refining and improving this critical living document, on the basis of close continued cooperation with States and security stakeholders globally, and with due attention to all applicable implementation assistance and capacity building requirements in ICAO's Regions,” Dr. Aliu further commented. Subsequent to its first review of the new Global Aviation Security Plan in June 2017, the Council authorized its transmission to ICAO Member States and international organizations for comment. Ninety-six percent of those replies indicated agreement with its scope and purpose, as well as the related strategies and global targets, which will continue to be refined. “The ICAO Secretariat has developed this strategic document on an accelerated basis to answer the call of ICAO's Council and Member States and the respective commitments and actions of national governments will now be essential to its overall impact and value,” commented ICAO Secretary General Dr. Fang Liu. “This new Global Aviation Security Plan will now take its place alongside ICAO's existing Global Plans for aviation safety and system-wide capacity and efficiency, and importantly it directly responds to various resolutions and expectations regarding aviation security and terrorism which have been expressed to ICAO by the United Nations Security Council.” The ICAO Global Aviation Security Plan calls for action at the global, regional and national levels by States, industry and other stakeholders in raising the level of implementation of Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation – Security. Secretary General Liu further confirmed that a roadmap outlining 94 tasks, accompanying 32 actions under five key priority outcomes, will be central to the new Global Plan's roll out. These lay the groundwork for objectives over the next three years until the 40th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2019. In line with its contribution to the Global Counter-terrorism Strategy of the United Nations, ICAO will continue to coordinate with the Security Council and its various committees on all priorities relevant to aviation and border security, and bring together the private and public sector partners who help ensure our network remains at the dependable service of societies and economies. https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/FR/ICAO-Council-endorses-new-Global-Aviation-Security-Plan.aspx

Le 13 novembre 2017, les ministres de 23 États membres ont signé une notification conjointe sur la coopération structurée permanente (CSP) et l'ont remise à la haute représentante et au Conseil. La possibilité de mettre en place une coopération structurée permanente dans le domaine de la politique de sécurité et de défense a été introduite par le traité de Lisbonne. Il s'agit de la possibilité pour un certain nombre d'États membres de l'UE de renforcer leur coopération dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la défense. Ce cadre permanent de coopération en matière de défense permettra aux États membres qui le souhaitent et qui le peuvent de développer conjointement des capacités de défense, d'investir dans des projets communs ou de renforcer l'état de préparation opérationnelle et la contribution de leurs forces armées. Les États membres qui ont signé cette notification conjointe sont les suivants: l'Allemagne, l'Autriche, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, Chypre, la Croatie, l'Espagne, l'Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Italie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, la République tchèque, la Roumanie, la Slovaquie, la Slovénie et la Suède. D'autres États membres peuvent s'y associer ultérieurement. La notification conjointe est la première étape formelle de la mise en place de la CSP. Y figurent: les principes de la CSP, qui soulignent notamment que la "CSP est un cadre juridique européen ambitieux, contraignant et inclusif pour les investissements dans la sécurité et la défense du territoire de l'UE et de ses citoyens" la liste des "engagements communs ambitieux et plus contraignants" pris par les États membres, y compris "l'augmentation régulière, en termes réels, des budgets consacrés à la défense afin d'atteindre les objectifs convenus" des propositions concernant la gouvernance de la CSP, avec un niveau global permettant de maintenir la cohérence et l'ambition de la CSP, complétées par des procédures de gouvernance spécifiques au niveau des projets. Notification conjointe adressée par les États membres à la haute représentante et au Conseil concernant la CSP Prochaines étapes Le Conseil doit désormais adopter à la majorité qualifiée renforcée une décision établissant la CSP, ce qui pourrait être le cas lors de la prochaine session du Conseil des affaires étrangères (le 11 décembre). Une première liste de projets à mener dans le cadre de la CSP devrait être arrêtée par les États membres participants une fois que la CSP aura été établie. Ces projets pourraient porter sur des domaines tels que la formation, le développement des capacités et l'état de préparation opérationnelle en matière de défense. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/press/press-releases/2017/11/13/defence-cooperation-23-member-states-sign-joint-notification-on-pesco/ Factsheet: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/pesco_factsheet_13-12-2017_final.pdf

Newswise — WASHINGTON—Emergency management officials and first responder agencies on both sides of the border between the United States and Canada will work together for an experiment in disaster response. The U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate and Canada Department of National Defence's Centre for Security Science will be conducting the fifth Canada-U.S. Enhanced Resiliency Experiment (CAUSE V) on November 15-16, 2017. This year's exercise scenario will be based on a volcanic eruption and crater collapse at Mt. Baker. Mt. Baker is an active volcano and closely monitored by the USGS. It is visible to local residents on both sides of the border. CAUSE V will take place along the border between the Canadian province of British Columbia (B.C.) and the state of Washington (WA). The scenario involving a (simulated) Mt. Baker volcanic eruption and subsequent mudflow was developed with help from the U.S. Geological Survey and will provide a realistic opportunity to test cross-border communications and interoperability between U.S. and Canadian first responder and emergency management agencies. Participants will include local first responders, emergency management agencies from Whatcom County, Washington in the U.S., the City of Abbotsford, City of Langley and the Township of Langley in B.C., U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Canada Border Services Agency. This experiment will use emerging tools for enhanced situational awareness and communications to plan for, respond and recover from this disaster. Wednesday, November 16 12:00 PM PDT U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate and Canada Minister of Defence's Center for Security Science will hold a joint press conference on the conclusion of the fifth Canada-U.S. Enhanced Resiliency Experiment (CAUSE V). Whatcom County Unified Emergency Coordination Center 311 Grand Ave, Bellingham, WA 98225 Credentialed media planning to attend are required to RSVP no later than November 13 by contacting Evrim Bunn at evrim.bunn@associates.hq.dhs.gov or 1 (202) 768-5554. http://www.newswise.com/articles/u-s-canada-to-test-cross-border-communication-for-disaster-response

Nov. 1 (UPI) -- The State Department announced Wednesday a possible sale of up to 32 AIM-120D Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles to one of America's "Five Eyes" partner, Canada. Congress was notified of the possible $140 million sale on Tuesday, which includes the 32 AMRAAMs, as well as 18 AMRAAM Captive Air Training Missiles; four AMRAAM Non-Development Item-Airborne Instrumentation Units, two AMRAAM Instrumented Test Vehicles, seven spare AMRAAM guidance units and four spare AMRAAM control sections for use on their F/A-18 aircrafts. "Included in the sale are containers; storage and preservation; transportation; aircrew and maintenance training; training aids and equipment, spares and repair parts; warranties; weapon system support and test equipment; publications and technical documentation; software development, integration, and support; system integration and testing; U.S. Government and contractor engineering, technical, and logistics support; and other related elements of logistics and program support," the Defense Security Cooperation Agency said in a press release. The missiles will be used on Royal Canadian Air Force fighter aircraft and are said to contribute to the foreign policy and national security objectives of the U.S. by helping to improve the security of a NATO ally. DSCA says the sale of armament is required to support the Royal Canadian Air Force fighters to "optimally fulfill" both North American Aerospace Defense and NATO missions. The deal also meets the U.S. Northern Command's goals of combined air operation's interoperability and standardization between Canadian and U.S. forces, according to the press statement. The State Department assesses that the proposed sale of equipment and support will not alter the basic military balance in the region, in addition to having no adverse impact on U.S. defense readiness as a result of the sale. Raytheon Missile Systems, out of Tucson, Ariz., will provide the equipment and support for the Royal Canadian Air Force. https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/11/01/Royal-Canadian-Air-Force-to-buy-air-to-air-missiles-from-US/9601509554420/

​Mme Liu, Secrétaire générale de l'OACI, a prononcé l'allocution d'ouverture du 13e Symposium sur la stratégie du Programme d'identification des voyageurs (TRIP) de l'OACI, qui se tient au siège de l'institution onusienne à Montréal. Rendez-vous mondial portant sur la gestion des documents de voyage et de l'identité, ce tout dernier Symposium TRIP est considéré comme une étape importante pour maintenir l'élan mondial à l'égard des priorités de lutte anti-terroriste qu'a récemment suscité le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Montréal, le 26 octobre 2017 – La lutte contre les mouvements terroristes et criminels internationaux a franchi une étape cette semaine, alors que des experts et des hauts fonctionnaires se sont réunis à l'occasion du 13eSymposium sur la stratégie du Programme d'identification des voyageurs (TRIP) de l'OACI. « La stratégie TRIP de l'OACI renforce la ligne de défense mondiale contre les mouvements terroristes internationaux, la criminalité transfrontalière et les nombreuses autres menaces qui pèsent sur la sécurité et la sûreté de la société civile et de l'aviation internationale », a fait valoir Mme Liu, Secrétaire générale de l'OACI, dans son allocution d'ouverture. « La majorité de nos travaux dans ce domaine sont principalement réalisés conformément à l'Annexe 9 à la Convention de Chicago – Facilitation. Les activités de facilitation appuient résolument les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations Unies et la Stratégie TRIP de l'OACI contribue de manière importante aux Résolutions 2178 et 2309 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. » Rendez-vous mondial portant sur la gestion des documents de voyage et de l'identité, ce tout dernier Symposium TRIP est considéré comme une étape importante pour maintenir l'élan mondial à l'égard des priorités de lutte anti-terroriste qu'a récemment suscité le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Mme Liu avait présenté un exposé général de la sûreté de l'aviation au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies en septembre, après avoir été invitée à la réunion du Comité contre le terrorisme (CTC) en juillet 2017. Outre le renforcement des inspections/filtrages et des contrôles de sûreté, le CTC a souligné l'importance du rôle des compagnies aériennes dans le suivi des déplacements dans le monde des passagers présentant un risque plus élevé. « Le CTC a expressément reconnu l'importance du partage des renseignements préalables concernant les voyageurs (RPCV) par les autorités nationales », a noté Mme Liu. « Bien que de nombreux États n'aient toujours pas mis en place des programmes relatifs aux RPCV, je tiens à leur rappeler que le partage des RPCV est obligatoire depuis le 23 octobre dernier, en vertu de l'Annexe 9 de l'OACI ». Les séances tenues dans le cadre du Symposium TRIP 2017 ont permis aux participants de s'informer sur les dernières mesures d'inspection/filtrage et de sûreté fondées sur les risques, tout en soulignant l'importance des partenariats et du renforcement des capacités alors que les États œuvrent à renforcer leurs lignes de défense respectives. « La mise en œuvre par les États de la stratégie TRIP nécessite une action coordonnée entre de nombreux États et entités de l'industrie, mais nous sommes aussi conscients que les divers gouvernements ne disposent pas des mêmes capacités à mettre en œuvre le Programme TRIP. L'OACI et les États s'emploient à résorber cet écart en favorisant la coopération entre les États et l'industrie, en renforçant la coordination régionale et locale, et en obtenant la contribution de donateurs », a indiqué Mme Liu. La question des orientations approfondies dont ont besoin les États pour la planification et la mise en œuvre du programme TRIP a été abordée plus en détail dans le cadre du lancement du Recueil TRIP de l'OACI. Ce nouveau document de référence exhaustif présente les initiatives connexes de partenaires tels que l'Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime (ONUDC), INTERPOL, l'Union européenne, l'Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE) et l'Organisation mondiale pour les migrations (OIM), et rassemble divers éléments indicatifs de l'OACI supplémentaires. Le Symposium TRIP 2017 a coïncidé avec deux ateliers OACI importants sur le Répertoire de clés publiques (RCP) et l'adoption de nouvelles approches en matière de RPCV, tenus en parallèle et en partenariat avec la Direction exécutive du Comité contre le terrorisme (DECT) des Nations Unies et d'autres organisations internationales. Si le Panama est récemment devenu le 59e État à tirer profit de la validation encryptée du RCP, qui maximise les avantages de la sûreté des passeports électroniques, Mme Liu a souligné que l'OACI s'attend à ce que davantage d'États adhèrent au RCP dans les mois à venir. « S'il est vrai que plus de 80 % des passeports électroniques en circulation dans le monde sont délivrés par des États qui participent déjà au RCP, de nombreux États ne s'en prévalent toujours pas pour authentifier les données contenues dans la puce », a-t-elle réitéré. Le Symposium TRIP 2017 était centré sur le thème « Renforcer la sûreté et l'efficacité du transport aérien », pour refléter le fait que des technologies de sûreté bien conçues contribuent aussi à l'amélioration de l'expérience des passagers et, de manière plus générale, de l'efficacité des processus de facilitation. « C'est uniquement en nous assurant d'équilibrer ces deux priorités que les solutions que nous proposons seront véritablement durables », a conclu Mme Liu. Outre le Symposium et ses ateliers, les participants à l'édition 2017 ont pu visiter une exposition éclectique présentant les dernières innovations de l'industrie en matière de technologies et de processus. Le Symposium a rassemblé près de 600 fonctionnaires venant de 82 États et de 14 organisations internationales et prendra fin aujourd'hui à l'OACI. https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/FR/ICAO-traveller-identification-event-highlights-key-aviation-role-in-combatting-terrorism-and-cross-border-crime.aspx

Air Force Chief of Staff Goldfein has made overhauling the service's command and control enterprise one of his top three priorities as the service's top general. http://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/air-force-association/2017/09/18/air-force-looks-to-transform-command-and-control-enterprise/