21 janvier 2021 | International, Aérospatial

Watch the skies in 2022 for the first B-21 bomber flight

By:

WASHINGTON — Sorry, aviation geeks: The first flight of the U.S. Air Force's latest stealth bomber won't be happening this year.

The Air Force had once projected the first flight of the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider would occur in December 2021, but the new bomber will not be ready to roll out until early next year for a flight in mid-2022, said the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office director, Randall Walden, according to a Jan. 15 story in Air Force Magazine. The RCO manages the B-21 program on behalf of the service.

Two B-21s are under construction at Northrop Grumman's production facility in Palmdale, California. The first aircraft hasn't made it to final assembly yet but is “really starting to look like a bomber,” Walden told Air Force Magazine.

“The second one is really more about structures, and the overall structural capability,” Walden said. “We'll go in and bend it, we'll test it to its limits, make sure that the design and the manufacturing and the production line make sense.”

Although information about the B-21 is notoriously limited, with many details of the Raider's cost, appearance and capability classified, Walden offered a couple optimistic notes about the program's progress.

For one, production of the B-21 is already becoming more efficient during the build of the second aircraft, he said. Northrop Grumman is using a business jet as a test bed for new avionics and software, allowing those systems to be debugged before they are installed in the B-21 aircraft.

While there have been some disruptions to the supply chain due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Walden said the program has worked with companies to mitigate changes to the production schedule.

“In the last few months, we did another successful end-to-end demonstration to further mature that hardware and software, and it's working quite well,” Walden said. “We're preparing ourselves not just for first flight, but ultimately the subsystem testing that will be required during those flight test phases.”

The Air Force has committed to buying at least 100 B-21s, although officials such as Gen. Timothy Ray, who leads Air Force Global Strike Command, said more will be needed to meet the service's future bomber requirements, which could be in excess of 220 aircraft.

The service is expected to make a final decision this year on which bomber installations will first host the Raider. In March 2019, the Air Force picked Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota as its preferred location, with Dyess AFB in Texas as an alternate location.

A virtual industry day was held Jan. 11 to provide information on contract opportunities for construction projects needed to support B-21 operations. Those facilities could include a “low-observable restoration facility, a wash rack and general maintenance hangar, and a mission operations planning facility,” according to the Air Force.

The service expects to begin fielding the B-21 in the mid-2020s.

https://www.defensenews.com/air/2021/01/19/watch-the-skies-in-2022-for-the-first-b-21-bomber-flight/

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  • Contract Awards by US Department of Defense - May 13, 2020

    14 mai 2020 | International, Aérospatial, Naval, Terrestre, C4ISR, Sécurité

    Contract Awards by US Department of Defense - May 13, 2020

    NAVY The Boeing Co., St. Louis, Missouri, is awarded a $1,971,754,089 firm-fixed-price contract to provide non-recurring engineering associated with the Stand-off Land Attack Missile – Expanded Response (SLAM ER) obsolescence redesign effort as well as the production and delivery of 650 SLAM ER missiles in support of the government of Saudi Arabia. Work will be performed at St. Louis, Missouri (47%); Indianapolis, Indiana (37%); Pontiac, Michigan (9%); Melbourne, Florida (3%); Middletown, Connecticut (2%); and Black Mountain, North Carolina (2%). Work is expected to be complete by December 2028. Foreign Military Sales funds in the amount of $1,971,754,089 will be obligated at time of award, none of which will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract was not competitively procured pursuant to Federal Acquisition Regulation 6.302-4. The Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity (N00019-20-C-0003). The Boeing Co., St. Louis, Missouri, is awarded a $656,981,421 modification (P00014) to a previously awarded firm-fixed-price contract (N00019-19-C-0016). This modification procures and delivers 467 Harpoon full rate production Lot 91 Block II missiles and support equipment for various Foreign Military Sales customers. Work will be performed at St. Louis, Missouri (30%); McKinney, Texas (28%); Toledo, Ohio (6%); Grove, Oklahoma (5%); Pontiac, Michigan (4%); Putnam, Connecticut (2%); Galena, Kansas (2%); Burnley, United Kingdom (2%); Lititz, Pennsylvania (1%); Minneapolis, Minnesota (1%); and various locations within the continental U.S. (19%). This modification procures four Block II missiles and support equipment for the government of Brazil, eight Block II missiles and support equipment for the government of Thailand, 53 Block II missiles and support equipment for the government of Qatar, 402 Block II missiles and support equipment for the government of Saudi Arabia, and support equipment for the governments of Japan, the Netherlands, India and Korea. Work is expected to be complete by December 2026. Foreign Military Sales funds in the amount of $656,981,421 will be obligated at time of award, none of which will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity. Strategic Airborne Operations JV LLC,* Newport News, Virginia, is awarded a $146,834,175 firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract. This contract acquires the High Endurance Electronic Warfare Jet (HEEWJ) capability. Work will be performed in Cherry Point, North Carolina (5%); and various locations within and outside the continental U.S. (95%) to be determined on individual orders. The HEEWJ capability is an offensive air support for training that provides regionally based, geographically distributed aviation with a variety of airborne threat simulation capabilities to train shipboard and aircraft weapon systems operators and aircrew to counter enemy electronic warfare and electronic attack operations in today's electronic combat environment in support of Department of the Navy, other Department of Defense (DOD) agencies, non-DOD government agencies and Foreign Military Sales customers. Work is expected to be completed in May 2024. No funds will be obligated at the time of award. Funds will be obligated on individual orders as they are issued. This contract was competitively procured via an electronic request for proposal, and two offers were received. The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity (N00421-20-D-0108). Q.E.D. Systems Inc., Virginia Beach, Virginia, is awarded a $16,205,606 modification to previously awarded contract N00024-15-C-4400 for specification development and execution/procurement support services in support of Chief of Naval Operations availabilities, continuous maintenance availabilities (CMAVs), inactivation CMAVs, sustainment availabilities, phased modernization availabilities, re-commissioning availabilities, continuous maintenance and emergent maintenance window of opportunity for Navy surface combatant ship classes (CG 47/DDG 51). Work will be performed in Norfolk, Virginia (53%); San Diego, California (36%); and Everett, Washington (11%). Work is expected to be complete by October 2020. No funding will be obligated at time of award. The Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., is the contracting activity. BAE Systems, Information and Electronic Systems Integration Inc., Greenlawn, New York, is awarded a $14,465,881 modification (P00010) to previously awarded, firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract N00019-17-D-0006. This modification adds the requirement to procure 46 AN/UPX-41(C) digital interrogators and 10 Mode 5 change kits for the Navy, Coast Guard, the government of Japan and various countries under the Foreign Military Sales program. Work will be performed in Greenlawn, New York (80%); Austin, Texas (10%); and Manassas, Virginia (10%), and is expected to be complete by May 2023. No funds are being obligated at time of award; funds will be obligated on individual orders as they are issued. The Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity. CACI Enterprise Solutions Inc., Chantilly, Virginia, is awarded a $13,904,377 cost-plus-fixed-fee task order modification in the four option years of the integrated business systems support services contract (N32205-19-F-1044 and P00008). Information technology services in this contract assist Military Sealift Command's business systems and ashore operations branch to manage, operate and maintain the command's business systems, as well as interfaces with the Navy Enterprise Defense Business Systems. Work under this modification will be performed in Norfolk, Virginia, and is expected to be complete by December 2023. This modification includes the remaining portion (eight months) of Option Year One as well as three 12-month options. If exercised, the cumulative value of this modification will be $13,598,409. The task order was competitively procured with proposals and four offers were received. The Naval Military Sealift Command, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity. Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., a Lockheed Martin Co., Stratford, Connecticut, is awarded an $8,954,062 modification (P00091) to previously awarded firm-fixed-price contract N00019-14-C-0050. This modification provides support for the integration and transition of Windows 10 and Server 16 into various VH-92A training devices. Work will be performed in Quantico, Virginia, and is expected to be complete by October 2022. Fiscal 2020 research, development, test and evaluation (Navy) funds in the amount of $4,667,720 will be obligated at time of award, none of which will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Maryland, is the contracting activity. ARMY Northrop Grumman, McLean, Virginia, was awarded a $176,471,668 modification (P00056) to contract W58RGZ-17-C-0014 to support Army special electronic mission aircraft fixed-wing life cycle services. Work will be performed in McLean, Virginia, with an estimated completion date of Aug. 31, 2020. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Army) funds in the amount of $176,471,668 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity. DynCorp International LLC, Fort Worth, Texas, was awarded a $167,556,981 modification (P00057) to contract W58RGZ-17-C-0011 for support services for government-owned fixed-wing fleets performing transport aircraft missions. Work will be performed in Fort Worth, Texas, with an estimated completion date of May 31, 2021. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Army) funds in the amount of $167,556,981 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity. Kiewit Infrastructure South Co., Sunrise, Florida, was awarded a $7,759,000 firm-fixed-price contract for Everglades restoration. Bids were solicited via the internet with three received. Work will be performed in Miami-Dade, Florida, with an estimated completion date of Nov. 16, 2021. Fiscal 2020 civil construction funds in the amount of $7,759,000 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida, is the contracting activity (W912EP-20-C-0004). Michels Corp., Brownsville, Wisconsin, was awarded a $7,066,242 firm-fixed-price contract to repair levee systems in the Missouri River Basin. Bids were solicited via the internet with four received. Work will be performed in Pender, Nebraska, with an estimated completion date of Oct. 30, 2020. Fiscal 2020 other procurement (Army) funds in the amount of $7,066,242 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska, is the contracting activity (W9128F-20-C-0026). Qualx Corp., Springfield, Virginia,* was awarded a $7,003,493 modification (P00010) to contract W91QF0-18-F-0047 for digitization of archival materials for the Army Heritage and Education Center. Work will be performed in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, with an estimated completion date of Sept. 25, 2021. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Army) funds in the amount of $7,003,493 were obligated at the time of the award. Mission and Installation Contracting Command, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, is the contracting activity. DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY NuStar Terminal Partner TX L.P., San Antonio, Texas, has been awarded a maximum $22,392,616 firm-fixed-price contract for contractor-owned, contract-operated services to receive, store and issue U.S. government-owned jet propellant thermally stable. This was a competitive acquisition with one response received. This is a four-year base contract with one five-year option period with a possible six-month extension. Location of performance is Texas, with a June 30, 2024, performance completion date. Using military service is Air Force. Type of appropriation is fiscal 2020 through 2024 defense working capital funds. The contracting activity is the Defense Logistics Agency Energy, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (SPE603-20-C-5006). AIR FORCE CAE USA Inc., Tampa, Florida, has been awarded a $10,544,331 firm-fixed-price modification (P00158) to contract FA8223-10-C-0013 for support of the KC-135 Aircrew Training System. This modification provides for collective bargaining agreement wage adjustments resulting from Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act – Price Adjustment, and brings the total cumulative face value of the contract to $526,529,911. Work will be performed in Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma; Grissom Air Reserve Base, Indiana; MacDill AFB, Florida; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Ohio; Scott AFB, Illinois; Fairchild AFB, Washington; Milwaukee Air National Guard Base, Wisconsin; March AFB, California; and Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. Work is expected to be completed by Dec. 31, 2020. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance funds in the amount of $10,544,331 are being obligated at the time of award. Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, is the contracting activity. Honeywell International Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, has been award a $7,777,093 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to research, develop, integrate, validate and demonstrate Consistent Logical Automated Reasoning for Integrated System Software Assurance (CLARISSA) for development and assessment of assurance cases. This contract provides for the research and development of technology to automate generation of assurance cases from curated evidence. Work will be performed in Phoenix, Arizona, and is expected to be completed by March 12, 2024. This award is the result of a competitive acquisition and two offers were received. Fiscal 2019 research, development, test and evaluation funds in the amount of $380,564 are being obligated at time of award. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, New York, is the contracting activity (FA8750-20-C-0512). (Awarded March 19, 2020) *Small business https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2185990/source/GovDelivery/

  • "Nous visons les entreprises qui ont un potentiel dual, à la fois civil et militaire", annonce Emmanuel Chiva, le patron de l'Agence de l'innovation de Défense

    3 décembre 2020 | International, Aérospatial, Naval, Terrestre, C4ISR, Sécurité

    "Nous visons les entreprises qui ont un potentiel dual, à la fois civil et militaire", annonce Emmanuel Chiva, le patron de l'Agence de l'innovation de Défense

    Pour le directeur de l'Agence de l'innovation de défense, Emmanuel Chiva, il faut détecter plus vite les technologies capables d'arriver sur le champ de bataille pour imaginer les parades et les évaluer à des fins militaires. L'Usine Nouvelle. - Quel est l'objectif du ministère des Armées avec cette deuxième édition digitale du Forum innovation défense, du 2 au 4 décembre ? Emmanuel Chiva. - Nous souhaitons montrer à un large public la diversité de l'innovation de défense en termes de recherche, de projets et de préparation des futures capacités militaires. Nous voulons attirer des sociétés industrielles et des porteurs de projets innovants en les informant du soutien dont ils peuvent bénéficier. C'est également un moyen de susciter des vocations chez les ingénieurs et les chercheurs. Cet événement sera l'occasion de lancer notre fonds d'investissement dédié à l'innovation de défense et doté de 200 millions d'euros. Quel est le profil des entreprises ciblées ? Nous visons les entreprises qui ont un potentiel dual, à la fois civil et militaire dans des technologies qui sont importantes pour les armées : les technologies quantiques, l'intelligence artificielle, l'énergie, les matériaux... Ce qui nous intéresse, c'est de « capter » des technologies développées par des sociétés déjà établies sur leur marché primaire, mais qui présentent un intérêt pour la défense. Pourtant certaines sociétés innovantes nous disent qu'il n'est pas toujours simple de travailler avec le ministère. Comme le fabricant de drones Parrot... Je suis surpris. Des acteurs comme Parrot sont reçus à l'Agence et nous regardons comment nous pourrions intégrer leurs technologies... C'est typiquement le type d'innovation qui nous intéresse. De la même manière, nous travaillons avec Franky Zapata [l'inventeur du Flyboard, un engin à sustentation hydropropulsé, ndlr]. Nous réfléchissons à l'utilisation de sa technologie pour envisager un « robot-mule volant » à des fins d'évacuation sanitaire, de transport de munitions... Nous finançons ses travaux pour optimiser ses moteurs en termes d'autonomie et de discrétion acoustique, en partenariat avec l'Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales (Onera) et la société Poly-Shape, spécialiste de la fabrication additive à partir de métal. Auparavant, les grands programmes militaires dans le spatial, la dissuasion nucléaire, tiraient l'innovation civile... Aujourd'hui, l'inverse se produit. Pourquoi ? Ce qui a changé, c'est le rythme de l'innovation civile. On assiste à un raccourcissement des cycles entre l'idée, sa réalisation et son emploi sur un marché. La puissance des Gafam et de leurs équivalents chinois, les BATX, change aussi les équilibres. Ils investissent des sommes considérables dans les applications à base d'intelligence artificielle, d'où l'accélération et la démocratisation de l'accès à cette technologie. C'est une source d'opportunités pour les armées. Le secteur civil est mieux placé que nous pour développer certaines technologies car nous n'irons pas plus vite. C'est le cas des processeurs graphiques, tirés par l'industrie du jeu vidéo, ou de la propulsion électrique, tirée par l'industrie automobile. Néanmoins, ces technologies civiles vont nécessiter une adaptation. Une voiture électrique sur une autoroute européenne n'est pas soumise aux mêmes conditions d'emploi qu'un véhicule d'infanterie dans le nord du Mali, où les routes sont sommaires et les stations de recharge inexistantes ! Cette démocratisation des technologies ne représente-elle pas une menace ? Ce qui nous empêche de dormir, ce serait de rater les prochaines évolutions à très court cycle et que nos adversaires s'en emparent alors avant nous. Regardez les groupes terroristes : ils utilisent les drones, l'impression 3D pour fabriquer des armes... Plus vite nous détectons l'innovation, plus vite nous pouvons imaginer les parades pour nous en protéger et les évaluer pour un usage militaire. Nous sommes engagés dans une course. Comment l'agence s'organise-t-elle pour capter cette innovation tous azimuts ? La loi de programmation militaire 2019-2025 prévoit d'augmenter de 25 % les crédits annuels consacrés à l'innovation pour atteindre 1 milliard d'euros en 2022. Avec ses 100 salariés, l'Agence agit avant tout comme un chef d'orchestre de l'innovation. Et dans un orchestre, le chef ne joue pas tous les instruments ! Nous nous appuyons sur un réseau national qui comprend les laboratoires d'innovation des armées et les centres d'expertise technique et d'essais de la Direction générale de l'armement. Nous avons par ailleurs créé une cellule de détection et de captation, une petite équipe chargée de faire en quelque sorte « la chasse et la pêche » à l'innovation. Il s'agit de correspondants qui se rendent dans les incubateurs, les salons, les communautés d'innovations... Ces derniers ont permis à l'Agence de travailler avec la société SEAir, qui fabrique des foils rétractables pour les bateaux à coque semi-rigide. Demain, une embarcation des forces spéciales intégrera cette innovation. Nos équipes n'hésitent pas non plus à se rendre là où on ne les attend pas. Les salons de cosmétique par exemple ! Les géants du domaine réalisent des développements pour le traitement de la peau qui pourraient avoir un intérêt dans le soin aux grands brûlés. Dans certains domaines technologiques, par exemple les missiles hypervéloces, la France ne risque-t-elle pas de se faire déclasser ? Les États-Unis, la Russie et la Chine sont les plus actifs sur ce sujet. Si la France est plus discrète, elle n'a pas forcément de retard du fait des exigences technologiques dans le domaine des véhicules spatiaux liés au programme de dissuasion. Nous avons une expertise reconnue en matière de technologies spatiales, de propulsion, de guidage et de science des matériaux. Nous menons un programme structurant dans le domaine de l'hypervélocité qui s'incarne, par exemple, dans le développement par l'Agence d'un démonstrateur dédié à la montée en maturité des technologies d'un planeur hypersonique. Quelles sont vos priorités en matière de technologies quantiques ? À notre sens, l'ordinateur quantique n'est pas un sujet militaire en soi. La recherche d'un tel ordinateur est faite par l'industrie, au niveau mondial. En revanche, le ministère des Armées finance les travaux qui sont spécifiquement liés à une utilisation militaire possible des technologies quantiques. Les technologies de cryptographie post-quantique nous intéressent au premier plan. Nous suivons également de près l'évolution des capteurs quantiques. En particulier les travaux de l'Onera sur les gravimètres quantiques à atomes froids, qui peuvent avoir des applications dans la navigation sans GPS. Vous aviez en prévision la création d'une Red Team au sein du ministère des Armées, qui s'appuierait sur des auteurs de science-fiction. De quoi s'agit-il ? Nous profiterons du Digital forum innovation défense pour faire découvrir les auteurs qui ont intégré cette Red Team et pour rendre publics ses premiers travaux. Son but est d'identifier les menaces auxquelles nous pourrions être confrontés à l'horizon 2060 et la manière de les anticiper d'un point de vue technologique, organisationnel et sociétal... Pour illustrer la démarche, citons l'équipe de Los Alamos du programme nucléaire américain à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui a reconnu s'être inspirée des ouvrages de Robert Heinlein, un auteur de science-fiction, pour mettre au point le concept de la dissuasion nucléaire. Isaac Asimov, auteur de la série « Fondation », a également travaillé pour le gouvernement américain. Nous avons d'abord été surpris par le succès de notre appel à candidatures auprès des personnes travaillant dans le domaine de la science-fiction : auteurs, écrivains, dessinateurs... Plus de 600 candidatures ont été déposées alors que nous nous attentions à en recevoir une vingtaine ! https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/nous-visons-les-entreprises-qui-ont-un-potentiel-dual-a-la-fois-civil-et-militaire-annonce-emmanuel-chiva-le-patron-de-l-agence-de-l-innovation-de-defense.N1034509

  • Italian row with France unsettles naval industry cooperation

    4 février 2019 | International, Naval

    Italian row with France unsettles naval industry cooperation

    By: Tom Kington ROME — A series of diplomatic rows between France and Italy, culminating in the exchange of insults between leaders, is casting doubt on naval industry cooperation between the countries. Moves by France's Naval Group and Italy's Fincantieri to integrate their shipyard work has coincided with a crescendo of acrimony between Rome and Paris following the election last year of Italy's first populist government. Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini and French President Emmanuel Macron have battled over who should take responsibility for migrants that sail to Europe from Africa, with Salvini last month calling Macron a “terrible” president who deserved to be voted out of office. Italy's second deputy prime minister, Luigi Di Maio, who leads the anti-establishment Five Star party, has meanwhile openly backed the so-called Yellow Vest protesters who have rioted on the streets of France in protest at Macron's government and its policies. Asked about the verbal attacks from Rome on Jan. 27, Macron replied: “Italy is a great people; the Italian people are our friends and deserve leaders worthy of their history.” Underlying the row is the Italian government's new nationalism, which has put it at loggerheads with the European Union and Macron, who is seen by Rome as a pro-globalism politician. The spat is expected to increase as both Italy's ruling parties — Five Star and Salvini's League party — get on the campaign trail ahead of European parliamentary elections in May. Pierside troubles Analysts fear fallout for defense industry collaboration between the countries, which starts with the well-established satellite and space joint venture between Italy's Leonardo and France's Thales. But the main concern is the naval deal, which was signed last October, under which Fincantieri and Naval Group created a 50-50 joint venture to build and export naval vessels. Fincantieri CEO Giuseppe Bono said he hopes the deal is the start of wider collaboration. Speaking at the launch of Italy's ninth FREMM frigate on Jan 26, Bono played down the frictions with France, telling reporters, “We are part of the same alliance, we have common history,” and adding that the diplomatic tensions “will not influence the work we are doing with Naval Group.” But one analyst was less sanguine. “It's a complicated deal, and as it gets more complicated, external events become more influential,” said Jean Pierre Darnis, scientific adviser at Rome's IAI think tank. “If ministers from the two countries don't meet, and we are waiting for [the] next bilateral [meeting], problems won't get resolved. Right now the Italian-French business community is very concerned,” he added. The naval deal was spurred by an earlier accord for Fincantieri to take control of French shipyard Chantiers de l'Atlantique. That deal, too, was up in the air when France and Germany referred the agreement to the European Commission for anti-trust scrutiny last month. “What has happened is extremely serious, France and Germany behaved wrongly. It throws into doubt all accords,” Italy's Salvini said. Bono said he was confident the EU would not oppose the deal, given it is “in the interests of Europe,” echoing claims that a consolidated European shipbuilding industry would enable competition since it could compete with large players outside Europe. But Europe's ability to consolidate industry was again thrown into doubt in January when Macron and German leader Angela Merkel agreed to forge closer ties between Germany and France to head off the political challenge in Europe from populist governments like Italy, Hungary and Poland. One consequence, warned Italian IAI analyst Michele Nones, was that closer Franco-German ties could squeeze Italy out of access to defense industry funding provided by the new European Defence Fund. https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2019/02/01/italian-row-with-france-unsettles-naval-industry-cooperation

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