31 août 2020 | International, Aérospatial

Suisse: Six milliards en jeu pour renouveler la flotte aérienne de l’armée

Après l'échec de l'achat des avions Gripen en 2014, le peuple suisse est à nouveau appelé à voter pour ou contre l'acquisition d'avions de combats.

La Suisse doit renouveler sa flotte d'avions de combat. Les appareils en service actuellement seront en fin de vie d'ici 2030. Le Conseil fédéral et le Parlement veulent acquérir de nouveaux avions pour six milliards de francs. Les opposants y voient une dépense inutile. Le peuple tranchera le 27 septembre.

La votation porte sur le montant maximal destiné à l'achat des avions de combat qui remplaceront les 26 F-5 Tiger et les 30 F/A-18 de l'armée. Les premiers, acquis en 1978, sont déjà obsolètes. Ils ne peuvent voler que de jour et par temps clair, et ne servent plus qu'à l'instruction. Les seconds atteindront leur limite dans une dizaine d'années.

Après l'échec de l'achat des avions Gripen en 2014, le gouvernement a décidé de ne soumettre aux urnes que le cadre général de l'acquisition. Le choix du type et du nombre d'appareils nécessaires lui reviendra ensuite. L'enveloppe de 6 milliards de francs, soit deux fois plus que le Gripen, est plafonnée et ne pourra pas être augmentée. Elle pourra en revanche être ajustée à l'évolution des prix.

L'achat des nouveaux avions de combat recueille dans les derniers sondages une majorité en sa faveur. Le clivage droite/gauche est marqué, le camp bourgeois étant favorable à la dépense et le camp rose-vert opposé.

Objectif controversé

Pour le comité référendaire, composé du PS, des Verts et du Groupe pour une suisse sans armée, dépenser 6 milliards de francs pour les avions est une fausse promesse de sécurité. Le scénario d'une guerre aérienne en Europe n'est pas réaliste.

La Suisse doit plutôt se préparer à de nouveaux types de menace: catastrophes, cyberattaques, pandémies ou changement climatique. Les avions de combat ne pourront pas contrer ces menaces. Des investissements dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique ou la pénurie d'électricité seraient plus sensés, selon les opposants.

L'émergence de nouvelles formes de guerre ne remplace pas les anciennes menaces, répond le camp des partisans dans les rangs duquel se trouvent des membres du PLR, de l'UDC, du PDC, du PBD, des Vert'libéraux, du PEV et de nombreuses organisations militaires. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de conflit armé en Suisse, les conditions peuvent rapidement changer. Il s'agit de l'avenir de la politique de sécurité.

Une menace imprévisible

La menace évolue constamment et la population doit être protégée contre les attaques imprévisibles, argumente la ministre de la Défense Viola Amherd. L'armée de l'air a de nombreuses t'ches pour lesquelles des avions de combat sont nécessaires.

Elle intervient si un avion se trouve en situation critique ou s'il viole les règles. Lorsque Genève accueille une conférence internationale sur la paix, des avions doivent en permanence être dans les airs.

L'armée doit également pouvoir contrôler de manière plus intense ses frontières en cas de tensions dans les environs et s'assurer qu'aucun appareil militaire étranger ne survole le territoire. Elle doit protéger son espace aérien en cas d'attaque directe.

Coûts à définir

L'argent dépensé pour les avions fera défaut dans d'autres domaines comme l'éducation, la santé, la sécurité publique ou sociale ou encore la culture, rétorquent les opposants. Cet achat serait en outre un chèque en blanc donné au gouvernement et au Parlement. Le jour de la votation, les électeurs ne connaîtront pas les coûts concrets.

Si l'on prend en compte l'ensemble des coûts sur la durée de vie des avions, la facture s'élève à 24 milliards, avancent les référendaires. Le Département fédéral de la défense estime pour sa part la dépense à 18 milliards.

Le PS propose l'acquisition d'avions de combat légers, moins onéreux. Pour Viola Amherd, ces appareils ne valent rien pour le service de police de l'air et encore moins pour protéger la Suisse en cas de crise. Ils ne volent pas assez haut, sont trop lents ou n'ont pas les radars ou l'armement nécessaires.

Compensations prévues

L'arrêté sur lequel le peuple doit se prononcer inclut des conditions. Il précise que le constructeur remportant l'appel d'offres devra investir 60% du montant du contrat dans l'économie suisse (65% en Suisse alémanique, 30% en Suisse romande et 5% en Suisse italienne). L'achat sera coordonné avec la modernisation du système de défense sol-air.

Quatre jets sont encore en lice: le Rafale du français Dassault, l'Eurofighter de l'européen Airbus et les deux avions américains, le Super Hornet de Boeing et le F-35A de Lockheed-Martin.

https://www.lematin.ch/story/six-milliards-en-jeu-pour-renouveler-la-flotte-aerienne-de-larmee-442405814349

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