26 septembre 2018 | International, Aérospatial, Terrestre

France: Budget 2019: l'armée se débarrasse de ses vieilleries

Par Romain Rosso

Avec 35,9 milliards d'euros (+5% par rapport à l'an dernier), la France consacre 1,82% de la richesse nationale à sa défense.

Longtemps en déflation, le budget de la Défense est désormais une priorité nationale. A l'heure de la réduction de la dépense publique, le ministère des Armées est le grand gagnant des arbitrages budgétaires pour 2019.

Les Armées présentent un budget en hausse de 5% par rapport à 2018, pour un montant de 35,9 milliards d'euros (hors pensions)*. "Pour mesurer le chemin parcouru, souligne l'hôtel de Brienne, c'est près de 4 milliards de plus qu'en 2016, après les attentats de Paris et l'actualisation de la précédente Loi de programmation militaire (LPM) [sous François Hollande, ndlr]. Pendant la même période, les crédits alloués à l'équipement des forces armées ont progressé, eux, de 2,5 milliards d'euros, soit 19,5 milliards d'euros en 2019."

La question des crédits accordés à la défense est devenue sensible depuis la démission fracassante de l'ancien chef d'état-major des armées, le général Pierre de Villiers, en juillet 2017. L'officier s'était alors fait rabroué par le président de la République après avoir critiqué des coupes budgétaires.

Pas de surprise cette année : avec une augmentation de 1,7 milliard d'euros, ce budget 2019 suit une trajectoire conforme à celle inscrite dans la nouvelle LPM, votée en juin dernier. Celle-ci prévoit une hausse substantielle, de l'ordre de 295 milliards d'euros, à l'horizon 2025.

Renouveler des avions et des blindés hors d''ge

Ces sommes permettront de "régénérer", c'est-à-dire de réparer, et surtout de renouveler certaines capacités les plus anciennes, dont les armées ont cruellement besoin lors des nombreuses opérations extérieures qu'elles mènent, notamment en Afrique et au Levant sur le thé'tre irako-syrien.

Ainsi, le premier avion ravitailleur MRTT (un gros airbus A330) doit enfin arriver, en octobre, en remplacement des appareils actuels qui datent des années 1960. Douze appareils neufs sont prévus d'ici à 2023. Six drones Reaper seront aussi livrés : plusieurs sont déjà déployés au Sahel, où ils sont des outils indispensables dans la guerre contre les groupes armées djihadistes. Nouveauté : ces drones seront armés, comme l'a annoncé la ministre l'an dernier.

Le futur porte-avions à l'étude

L'armée de terre, elle, attend la livraison de 89 véhicules Griffon, un blindé "multirôle" à 6 roues motrices, pouvant partager en temps réel ses données avec les autres, à la place des VAB, eux aussi, hors d''ge. Quant à la marine, elle recevra une frégate multimissions (Fremm). Autre bonne nouvelle pour les marins : les études pour le futur porte-avions, qui doit succéder au Charles-de-Gaulle d'ici à 2040, ont été lancées. Si l'hypothèse d'un second navire étendard fait partie de la réflexion, il est peu probable qu'elle soit retenue, en raison du coût d'un tel outil, dans un horizon stratégique imprévisible et lointain. "Le choix se fera après la LPM", glisse-t-on à Brienne.

Dans les prochaines années, un autre débat risque d'être encore plus animé, lié à la dissuasion nucléaire. 400 millions d'euros supplémentaires viennent d'être alloués à la modernisation de ses deux composantes (aérienne et navale) : missile, système de transmission, programme de simulation... Avec 4,45 milliards d'euros consacrés en 2019 à l'armement atomique, la "clef de voûte" de la défense nationale consume près de 23% du budget d'équipement des armées et 12% du budget global. Ce montant va aller croissant à partir de 2020. Certains, notamment dans l'armée de terre, craignent que cela ne se fasse aux dépens de l'armement conventionnel.

Améliorer le quotidien des soldats

Il n'y a pas que les grands équipements. Florence Parly en fait son mantra : la LPM, dite à "hauteur d'homme", prévoit d'améliorer le quotidien du soldat. Par exemple, en renforçant les petits équipements individuels, tels que les treillis intégrant une protection contre le feu ou les gilets pare-balles - 25 000, sur les 55 000 prévus à terme, doivent être livrés. De même que 8 000 nouveaux fusils d'assaut allemand HK 416, qui remplacent depuis peu les fameux Famas français. Quant au "plan familles", il bénéficiera de 57 millions d'euros supplémentaires. Au total, 450 postes seront créés, dont les trois quarts iront au renseignement et à la cyberdéfense.

Le ministère des Armées affiche désormais la volonté de rendre son budget "sincère". Ainsi, les provisions des opérations extérieures (opex), naguère sous-évaluées en début d'exercice, progressent de 200 millions d'euros, à hauteur de 850 millions d'euros. Elles seront progressivement portées à 1,1 milliard d'euros, proche de leur coût réel. Si, malgré tout, des surcoûts devaient survenir, ils seraient pris en charge par la solidarité interministérielle, indique-t-on à Brienne. Dans le cas inverse - peu probable dans le contexte actuel - où les opex coûteraient moins cher dans l'avenir, les Armées conserveraient le surplus.

Aux armées désormais de payer les "opex"

Si la franchise a des vertus, elle n'en masque pas moins un changement de périmètre : "Tout ce qui concourt à rendre 'sincère' le budget est une bonne chose, relevait, dans une interview à L'Express, le général Pierre de Villiers, ancien chef d'état-major des armées. Toutefois, je note que, dans le programme présidentiel [du candidat Macron], le budget des armées 2025 devait s'élever à 50 milliards d'euros courants, hors pensions et hors opex." En clair, ce sont désormais les armées qui paient le surcoût des opérations extérieures et non plus la solidarité gouvernementale.

Quant à la fameuse trajectoire prévue, elle sera portée à 3 milliards d'euros supplémentaires par an [soit 44 milliards d'euros en totalité] à partir de 2023, c'est-à-dire au-delà du quinquennat.

* Une première augmentation de 1,8 milliard avait été décidée l'an dernier, qui a couvert les engagements de la précédente mandature.

https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/budget-2019-l-armee-se-debarrasse-de-ses-vieilleries_2036930.html

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25 septembre 2018 | International, Aérospatial, Naval, Terrestre, C4ISR

South Korean military to upgrade ‘friend or foe’ ID capability
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3 juin 2020 | International, Aérospatial

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24 septembre 2019 | International, Aérospatial, Naval

First test flight for Boeing MQ-25
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