9 avril 2018 | International, Aérospatial

Avions de chasse. Les Européens adorent acheter américain. Pourquoi ?

(B2) Quand on regarde l'équipement des Européens, en avions de chasse ou de combat, on remarque une constante. Les pays européens préfèrent acheter américain qu'européen. Mais à y regarder de près, on voit aussi que ceux qui proclament haut et fort qu'ils sont tenants de l'Europe de la défense ne sont pas toujours ceux que l'on croit.

Ce papier a fait l'objet d'une chronique dans l'excellente émission ‘La Faute à l'Europe‘, de FranceTvInfo, animée par mes confrères Yann Antony-Noguès, Kattalin Landaburu, Jean Quatremer et préparée par Hughes Beaudouin.

Combien de pays ne volent pas avec du matériel américain ?

Cela se compte sur les doigts d'une main et un doigt. Seuls six pays ne volent pas américains (en bleu et en vert sur la carte) : France, Allemagne, Suède, Rép. Tchèque, Autriche, Hongrie. Parmi ces pays, il faut distinguer la Suède (Gripen) et la France (Rafale) qui s'équipent uniquement en national (en vert sur la carte), et l'Allemagne qui vole avec du matériel européen (Eurofigther) certes mais fabriqué sur son sol. Tandis que l'Autriche, la Hongrie et la Tchéquie volent avec du matériel acheté chez un de leurs voisins. Le premier en Eurofighter, les deux autres en matériel suédois.

Certains pays pratiquent-ils un équipement mixte ?

Oui. Le panachage est un procédé typique de plusieurs pays (en jaune sur la carte). C'est le cas de tous les pays du Sud de l'Europe — l'Ejército del aire espagnole, l'Aeronautica italienne, l'Hellenic Air Force —, qui ont jusqu'ici pris grand soin d'avoir au moins deux modèles dans leur flotte aérienne : l'un de fabrication UE, l'autre de fabrication US. A une exception notable près : le Portugal. C'est aussi le cas... du Royaume-Uni.

... le Royaume-Uni aussi ?

Qui l'eut cru ! Ce pays très attaché au lien transatlantique prend bien soin d'équilibrer ses achats entre le made in USA et le made in Europa. Une tradition de la Royal Air Force. Les Britanniques — à la différence des Français — préfèrent fabriquer en multinational que fabriquer en solo. Cela a été le cas du Tornado (un avion fabriqué avec l'Allemagne et l'Italie) puis de l'Eurofighter (renommé Typhoon outre-Manche). Hors de l'aviation de chasse, c'est aussi le cas de l'Airbus A400M. Un pragmatisme qui a un fondement très industriel. Une partie de ces avions (européens) sont fabriqués dans les usines britanniques.

Y-a-t-il des tendances géopolitiques dans l'équipement exclusif made in USA ?

Clairement. Les pays qui ont une frontière avec la Russie s'équipent exclusivement en matériel américain (en orange sur la carte), en général avec du F-16 (fabriqués par General Dynamics, aujourd'hui repris par Lockheed Martin). Il ne s'agit pas alors seulement de performances de l'appareil mais aussi d'avoir une ‘assurance-vie' américaine... et de bénéficier à moindre prix d'une flotte d'appareils. Ceux-ci étant souvent amortis ou d'occasions.

... et d'autres raisons plus idéologiques ?

Les pays du nord de l'Europe (Norvège, Danemark, Pays-Bas, Belgique) sont aussi équipés en matériel américain. Il s'agit là d'une solidarité euro-atlantique plutôt que d'une solidarité européenne. Assez atypique par rapport à ses voisins, le Portugal a également acheté du matériel américain, pour des raisons idéologiques (et des raisons politiques très personnelles). Hors de l'Union européenne, même la neutre Suisse vole US : avec des F/A 18 Hornet fabriqués par Boeing (1). Décidément, en matière d'équipement d'avions de chasse... ceux qui se prétendent très Européens ne sont pas toujours ceux que l'on croit.

Dans ce panorama, comment se situent les Français ?

La France est totalement isolée. Son aviation de chasse est équipée uniquement de matériel national (2). Mais, à la différence de la Suède, autre producteur national, et du précédent du Mirage, Dassault n'a pas réussi à exporter son Rafale (avion pourtant excellent) dans d'autres pays en Europe. Certes, deux pays figurent aujourd'hui dans la lunette de tir de Paris : la Belgique et la Suisse. Cela nécessitera cependant un sacré effort pour convaincre ces deux pays, francophones, de s'équiper ‘français'. Dans le futur, le Rafale pourrait être ainsi le dernier avion à être produit en ‘national'. L'avion du futur (habité ou non = drone) devra l'être avec un autre pays (Royaume-Uni ou/et Allemagne). Une raison davantage économique que politique. La France ne peut plus suivre en solo.

Quel est l'avantage comparatif du matériel américain ?

On ne peut pas vraiment en vouloir à un pays de choisir un modèle éprouvé, compétent, suffisant pour les besoins nationaux et qui procure un rapport qualité / prix très convenable, voire largement supérieur au prix d'un avion européen. Le F-16 a été produit en grand nombre : environ 4500 exemplaires. Ce qui permet des économies d'échelle. La moitié a été achetée par l'US Air Force, la moitié à l'export. Pour un avion Eurofighter, Rafale ou JAS 39 neuf, vous pouvez vous payer environ quatre F-16 d'occasion.

Outre les raisons politiques, acheter US est-il efficace ?

Oui. Il faut le reconnaitre. L'avantage d'acheter US, c'est appartenir à un club mondial. Le club des pays équipés du F-16 se réunit d'ailleurs régulièrement pour échanger ou demander des modifications. Et quand on interroge des pilotes équipés de ce type d'avions, la liste des avantages est longue. On « bénéficie de l'expérience des autres » m'expliquait ainsi un officier. « Il y a une mise à jour constante des avions». Le « F-16 d'aujourd'hui ne ressemble ainsi plus du tout au F-16 acheté à l'époque ». En déplacement ou en opération, autre atout, il est toujours possible de trouver un voisin qui a une pièce de rechange ou un mécano capable de vous donner un coup de main. Très appréciable. Et, puis, il ne faut pas le nier. L'aura de l'Amérique joue. Le plaisir de côtoyer de près les pilotes américains, d'aller s'entraîner en Arizona que dans la plaine du Pô ou au-dessus de l'Auvergne ?

La tendance pourrait-elle s'inverser ?

Pour l'instant, aucun signe ne le montre. Les derniers pays qui viennent de s'équiper (Roumanie, Croatie, Slovaquie) l'ont fait avec du F-16. Et les Bulgares devraient suivre ce chemin. Les Autrichiens ont remis en cause leur équipement avec l'Eurofighter d'Airbus.

L'accusation américaine du protectionnisme européen est-elle valable ?

Non. C'est un pur mensonge... ou alors cela se révèle d'une incompétence notoire. L'arrivée de l'avion américain de nouvelle génération F-35 (fabriqué par Lockheed Martin) dans la flotte de plusieurs États va siphonner tous les budgets pour de longues années. Il est assez coûteux, son prix réel toujours très incertain. Mais, surtout, l'équipement en avion de chasse est un investissement lourd. Le renouvellement n'intervient que tous les 20 ans (au mieux si achat d'occasion) à 40 ans (si achat en neuf). Autant dire que les acquisitions prévues aujourd'hui vont plomber l'industrie européenne jusqu'à 2060 !

Les Américains sont-ils seuls en cause ?

Non. Accuser les Américains d'être trop puissants, c'est surtout mettre le doigt sur un problème typiquement européen : la dispersion. L'industrie aéronautique européenne est éclatée entre trois constructeurs (Airbus, Dassault, Saab). Ce qui l'empêche d'avoir un modèle unique (quitte à ce qu'il soit décliné en plusieurs versions) et donc des économies d'échelle. Quand il s'agit de choisir un nouvel avion, les petits egos nationaux, tout comme les différences de portée stratégique, empêchent de s'unir.

Pourquoi ne pas s'équiper comme certains le font avec des modèles fabriqués dans différents pays ?

Ce type d'équipement mixte est réservé à des pays qui disposent de certains moyens et d'une certaine flotte. Car il coûte cher. La tendance, aujourd'hui, est plutôt désormais de s'équiper avec un seul modèle ou au moins avec un seul fabricant. Il faut le reconnaître aussi : l'utilité opérationnelle d'un avion (ses qualités requises) diffèrent grandement selon les pays. La plupart des pays (de la Finlande au Portugal, en passant par l'Allemagne ou la Belgique) ont surtout besoin d'une surveillance de leur sol, et éventuellement d'une participation à la police du ciel internationale (en opération multinationale ou sous couvert de l'OTAN). Alors que la France ou la Grande-Bretagne entendent garder une capacité d'intervention offensive.

(Nicolas Gros-Verheyde)

(1) Après avoir annulé un premier appel d'offres (suite à une votation populaire hostile), la Suisse a mis en concurrence, pour le renouvellement de sa flotte, cinq avions : le Gripen suédois, l'Eurofighter européen, le Rafale français, le F-18 Super Hornet et le F-35 américains.

(2) Un mono-équipement qui ne concerne que l'aviation avec pilote (dite ‘habitée'). Pour les avions sans pilote (drones), la France est obligée de recourir à des matériels américains, faute d'avoir développé à temps ce type de matériel.

https://www.bruxelles2.eu/2018/04/08/quand-ils-volent-les-europeens-adorent-acheter-americain-pourquoi/

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