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  August 2, 2019 | International, Aerospace

  European Hypersonic Cruise Passenger Study Set For New Tests

  By Guy Norris A team of European hypersonic researchers are preparing for wind tunnel tests of a Mach 8 concept that is designed to prove technologies for the development of future ultra-long-range, high-speed commercial vehicles and air-breathing space launch systems. Funded under Europe's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Stratofly (Stratospheric Flying Opportunities for High-speed Propulsion Concepts) is targeted at fostering hypersonic capabilities for a 300-seat passenger vehicle cruising above 30 km (19 mi.) to TRL (technology readiness level) 6 by 2035. The project builds on the Lapcat waverider concept developed under earlier programs by the European Space Agency/European Space Research and Technology Center. Using the 310-ft.-long Lapcat II MR2.4 version as a reference vehicle, the 30-month Stratofly effort is focused on classic hypersonic technology challenges such as propulsion integration, hot structures and thermal management. In addition, with environmental concerns at the forefront in Europe, the project also includes sustainability considerations such as fuel-burn efficiency, noise and emissions reductions, as well as operational issues such as life-cycle costs, safety and certification. Coordinated by The Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, the project team believes that sustainable hypersonic travel is feasible through the use of liquid hydrogen fuel and new trajectories that would enable flights from Europe to Australia in 3 hr. Specific targets include 75-100% CO2 reductions per passenger kilometer and 90% reductions in nitrous oxide (NOx) compared to current long-range transport aircraft. A version of the vehicle could also be adapted into the first stage of a two-stage-to-orbit space launch system, says the group. Other members of the 10-strong consortium include the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Belgium, which is focused on propulsion and noise; the Netherlands Aerospace Center, NLR, which is also part of the noise study; and CIRA, the Italian aerospace research center, which is conducting high-speed flow analysis. Propulsion systems and climate impact input is provided by Germany's DLR research organization, while ONERA, the French aerospace research center, is focused on emissions as well as plasma-assisted combustion in the vehicle's combined-cycle propulsion system. Sweden's FOI defense research agency is also part of the plasma combustion study. The French National Center for Scientific Research is also evaluating the vehicle's potential climate impact, particularly in areas such as the effects of water droplets from the exhaust in the upper atmosphere. Studies of the overall business plan, human factors and hypersonic traffic management are being conducted by the Hamburg University of Technology, while the Spain-based Civil Engineering Foundation of Galicia is focused on structural analysis and optimization. Like the original Lapcat design, the Stratofly MR3 waverider configuration is dominated by a large elliptical inlet and an integrated nozzle aft located between two canted tail fins. For takeoff and acceleration up to Mach 4.5, the vehicle is powered by six air turbo ramjets (ATR, also known as air turbo rockets) in two bays of three, each fed by secondary inlets in the primary intake. Above this speed, sliding ramps cover the ATR inlets as the vehicle accelerates and transitions to a dual-mode ramjet/scramjet (DMR) for the next phase of the flight. The DMR is housed in the dorsal section, nested between the ATR ramjets, and is designed to operate in ramjet mode to above Mach 5 and scramjet mode up to Mach 8. The scramjet will incorporate a plasma-assisted combustion system to maintain the stability of the flame front and prevent the potential for flameouts. Tests of the plasma system in a combustor will take place later this year at ONERA, where supersonic combustion testing also took place for Lapcat. The tests will be conducted in November-December at ONERA's ATD5 facility and will focus on inlet conditions at Mach 3.7. Also planned for later this year is a test of the full vehicle in the high-enthalpy wind tunnel at DLR's Gottingen research facility. Testing at DLR will run through September 2020 and is expected to target similar free-stream conditions as those tested on Lapcat II—around Mach 7.8. The work will assess aerothermodynamic characteristics and be used to validate the results of earlier computational fluid dynamics analysis of the MR3 design, which incorporates external and internal differences against the reference vehicle. “We elevated the canard [a retractable feature for lower-speed flight] and redesigned the vertical tails,” says Davide Ferretto, a research assistant on the Stratofly team from The Polytechnic University of Turin. “We also redesigned the leading-edge radius of the inlet for increased efficiency as it feeds both propulsion systems.” As part of the redesign, the enclosed passenger compartment, which was divided into two sections running along each side of the vehicle, has been combined into a single cabin in the lower lobe of the fuselage. https://aviationweek.com/propulsion/european-hypersonic-cruise-passenger-study-set-new-tests

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  June 26, 2018 | International, Land

  Tank makers steel themselves for Europe’s next big land-weapon contest

  Sebastian Sprenger PARIS ― European manufacturers of armored vehicles are jockeying for position in what looks to be the most expensive land program for the continent in decades. The industry activity follows plans by France and Germany, reiterated this month, to build a Main Ground Combat System that would replace the current fleet of Leopard 2 and Leclerc tanks. While conceived as a two-country project for now, the hope is to develop a weapon that other European land forces will also pick up. Details remain murky about exactly what the new vehicles must be able to do, though the job description includes something about manned-unmanned teaming. Perhaps that's why officials chose an amorphous name for the project, as it could be anything from a nimble, autonomous fighter to the type of human-driven steel beast of today's armies. The target date for introducing the new platform is set at 2035, and Germany has picked up the lead role for the project both on the government and the industry side. KNDS, the Franco-German joint venture of Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Nexter, put the program on the radar of visitors of the Eurosatory trade show in Paris earlier this month. The companies mated the chassis of a Leopard 2 tank to a Leclerc turret ― and voila, a European Main Battle Tank was born. Company officials stressed that the hybrid behemoth is only a stepping stone on the way toward a full-blown European tank offering under the Main Ground Combat System banner. But the product might interest Eastern European nations looking to divest their Russian legacy fleets for a good-enough, Western-made tank that ― presumably ― doesn't break the bank. The marriage of KMW and Nexter saves the two companies from having to compete against one another for the next-generation tank. It also creates the appearance that Paris' and Berlin's love for a future tank is happily echoed by their industries. “Let's assume we wouldn't have joined forces,” said Frank Haun, the CEO of KMW. Both he and his Nexter counterpart, Stephane Mayer, would have had to lobby their respective governments for a purely national solution, pulling the old argument of keeping jobs in the country, Haun said. The two companies hailed an announcement last week about a new Franco-German deal aimed at examining possible program options for the future tank. “The Letter Of Intent signed yesterday is a significant step forward in the defense cooperation between the two countries and in Europe,” reads a June 20 statement. “This close cooperation was the key motivation for the foundation of KNDS in 2015, where Nexter and KMW cooperate as national system houses for land systems.” But the binational industry team is far from the only game in town. Take Rheinmetall, for example, which is KMW's partner in the Leopard program. Company executives at the Paris weapons expo were tight-lipped about their strategy toward the Main Ground Combat System, or MGCS. But it's probably a safe bet to presume the Düsseldorf, Germany-based firm won't cede a market of tens of billions of dollars without a fight. “Come back and see me in December in Unterlüß,” Ben Hudson, head of the company's vehicle systems division, told Defense News during an interview in Paris. He was referring to a small German town one hour south of Hamburg where Rheinmetall runs a manufacturing plant. Hudson declined to say more about what the company would roll out at that time. “I can't mention it just yet,” he said. “Expect more surprises in the future. We're already working on some other things in the secret laboratories of Rheinmetall.” Either way, officials were eager to note that KNDS, despite its industrial alignment alongside the two governments in charge, is only one bidder in a field that has to fully emerge. “I think there is still a lot of water to flow under the bridge on this program, as it is only in its early days. However, with the technology in the Rheinmetall Group, we have a significant interest in playing a key role in MGCS,” Hudson said. He argued that developing the next-generation tank must begin with considering the “threat” out there, namely the Russian T-14 and T-15 tanks, which are based on a common chassis dubbed Armata. Those vehicles' characteristics, or at least what is known about them, dictate “high lethality” be built into the future European tank, according to Hudson. “How do you defeat a tank that has four active defense systems on it?” he asked. And then there is General Dynamics European Land Systems, the Old World's offspring of the U.S. maker of the Abrams tank and Stryker vehicle. The company is careful to note its European roots: a consolidated mishmash of formerly independent armored-vehicle makers from across the continent. Manuel Lineros, vice president of engineering, told Defense News that the company's Ascot vehicle will be the GDELS offering for the European next-gen tank. Advertised for its mobility and weighing in at roughly 45 tons, the tracked vehicle falls in the class of infantry fighting vehicles, putting it one notch below the heaviest battle tank category. “I understand the battlefield has changed,” Lineros said in an interview at Eurosatory. “We have to abandon the ideas of a combat vehicle versus a classic main battle tank. Everything is so mixed up now.” Whatever the Ascot lacks in sheer mass against projectiles aimed at its shell could be compensated with an active protection system and the ability to move quickly on the battlefield, argued Lineros. “We have to be flexible in this way of interpreting the requirements.” That includes defending against drone swarms, which could become the peer-to-peer equivalent of improvised explosive devices designed to rip open the underbellies of vehicles, he said. Unlike the recent countermine vehicle architecture, that type of aerial threat could mean the top surface of future vehicles will be a weak point requiring special protection, he added. Though adding armor plates remains the industry's first instinct in responding to new threats, Lineros said there is a limit to what he called an “addiction” to steel. “More and more we'll be moving out of this sport.” https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/eurosatory/2018/06/25/tank-makers-steel-themselves-for-europes-next-big-land-weapon-contest/

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  January 14, 2020 | International, Aerospace, Naval, Security

  La solution aux feux de forêt passe-t-elle par une garde partagée canado-australienne?

  Marc Godbout Une idée proposée discrètement en 2016 par le secteur privé au gouvernement fédéral refait surface. Elle consiste à doter le Canada et l'Australie d'équipements en commun pour mieux lutter contre les feux de forêt. Dans le contexte des changements climatiques et de la crise australienne, le concept mérite-t-il d'être exploré à nouveau? Spencer Fraser est le premier à l'admettre. Quand nous avons présenté le concept, c'était un peu trop tôt, mais les choses ont changé, comme on le voit en Australie. C'est lui qui, au nom du chantier naval Davie, a soumis, au printemps 2016, une proposition au gouvernement fédéral : construire un navire sur mesure pour transporter entre le Canada et l'Australie 14 nouveaux avions-citernes de Bombardier. Ces nouveaux équipements seraient en garde partagée et s'ajouteraient aux ressources déjà existantes dans les deux pays. Leur saison d'incendies est à l'opposée de la nôtre. Notre hiver, c'est leur été et leur hiver, c'est notre été, rappelle le PDG de Federal Fleet, une filiale de Davie. Le chantier maritime n'était pas l'unique promoteur du projet. Il avait l'appui de Bombardier, l'ancien constructeur de l'avion CL-415. undefined Commentaires Marc Godbout Publié à 4 h 14 Une idée proposée discrètement en 2016 par le secteur privé au gouvernement fédéral refait surface. Elle consiste à doter le Canada et l'Australie d'équipements en commun pour mieux lutter contre les feux de forêt. Dans le contexte des changements climatiques et de la crise australienne, le concept mérite-t-il d'être exploré à nouveau? Spencer Fraser est le premier à l'admettre. Quand nous avons présenté le concept, c'était un peu trop tôt, mais les choses ont changé, comme on le voit en Australie. C'est lui qui, au nom du chantier naval Davie, a soumis, au printemps 2016, une proposition au gouvernement fédéral : construire un navire sur mesure pour transporter entre le Canada et l'Australie 14 nouveaux avions-citernes de Bombardier. Ces nouveaux équipements seraient en garde partagée et s'ajouteraient aux ressources déjà existantes dans les deux pays. Leur saison d'incendies est à l'opposée de la nôtre. Notre hiver, c'est leur été et leur hiver, c'est notre été, rappelle le PDG de Federal Fleet, une filiale de Davie. Le chantier maritime n'était pas l'unique promoteur du projet. Il avait l'appui de Bombardier, l'ancien constructeur de l'avion CL-415. La proposition avait été soumise à des fonctionnaires fédéraux et à la ministre de l'Environnement de l'époque, Catherine McKenna. Le document précisait notamment que l'Australie et le Canada obtiendraient ainsi un actif stratégique pour répondre à leurs besoins, dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Cette garde partagée permettrait aux deux pays de réduire les coûts pour leurs contribuables respectifs. La moitié de la facture serait assumée par les Canadiens, l'autre par les Australiens. À l'époque, la motivation n'avait pas été assez grande de la part du gouvernement et des bureaucrates pour poursuivre l'idée, mais il n'y avait pas de crise. C'était avant Fort McMurray, avant l'Australie, indique Spencer Fraser. Deux nations, une solution? Les conséquences dramatiques des incendies qui ravagent l'Australie ont ravivé un certain intérêt à Ottawa. Des sources indiquent que deux ministères fédéraux ont reparlé de cette proposition la semaine dernière et qu'au moins un des deux ministères s'est informé auprès de Viking Air, l'entreprise à qui Bombardier a vendu son programme d'avions-citernes en juin 2016. La proposition, telle que soumise au gouvernement canadien il y a quatre ans, recommandait un arrangement entre le Canada et l'Australie, qui se partageraient les coûts d'un bail annuel de 145 millions de dollars. Davie et Bombardier auraient loué le navire, les avions et fourni les équipages ainsi que le personnel pour l'entretien. En pleine crise nationale, de plus en plus de voix s'élèvent en Australie pour réclamer davantage de gros avions-citernes. Le haut-commissariat d'Australie à Ottawa n'a pas répondu à notre demande d'entrevue. L'Australie essuie des critiques virulentes ces jours-ci. Le pays a un manque chronique d'avions-citernes, soutient notamment l'ancien commissaire aux incendies de l'État de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Greg Mullins. Dans une entrevue accordée sur les ondes du diffuseur public national, M. Mullins a souligné que les besoins de l'Australie vont au-delà de l'expertise du Canada. Notre premier ministre devrait être au téléphone avec Justin Trudeau du Canada, en ce moment, en demandant : Justin, nous avons besoin de plus de 20 de vos bombardiers d'eau. Logique? Cette proposition de 2016 a le mérite d'être étudiée, croit David Perry, analyste et vice-président de l'Institut canadien des Affaires mondiales. Selon lui, les changements climatiques doivent forcer les gouvernements à revoir la définition de ce qu'est un actif stratégique qui est traditionnellement militaire, comme les avions de chasse ou encore les navires de guerre. Il est absolument nécessaire de veiller à ce que nous investissions des ressources supplémentaires pour atténuer autant que possible les effets des changements climatiques. Cette initiative stratégique proposée par le secteur privé soulève aussi certaines des interrogations. C'est une question pertinente, il faut bien l'évaluer. Mais je ne suis pas convaincu que d'avoir 14 avions supplémentaires soit absolument nécessaire, croit Jonathan Boucher, chercheur au Centre de foresterie des Laurentides. Le fait d'avoir plus de bombardiers d'eau lors de conditions extrêmes n'aurait pas nécessairement un impact direct. Jonathan Boucher explique que la meilleure action est d'arriver tôt avant que l'incendie génère trop d'énergie. Mais parfois les conditions sont tellement extrêmes que c'est difficile, voire impossible, de s'y rendre. Un autre élément pourrait influencer d'éventuelles discussions face à ce genre de proposition. L'organisation et les stratégies varient d'une province à l'autre, rappelle l'expert. Et c'est sans compter que ce sont les provinces au Canada et les États en Australie qui ont compétence en matière de lutte contre les incendies de forêt par l'intermédiaire d'actifs publics et privés. Sur papier, la proposition peut sembler alléchante, mais la suite pourrait être politiquement complexe. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1471807/feux-foret-garde-partagee-canada-australie