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December 10, 2019 | International, Aerospace

L'achat d'un nouvel avion de combat, un choix militaire et diplomatique

Le Rafale, l'Eurofighter, le F-35A ou le F/A-18 Super Hornet: quel nouvel avion de combat la Suisse choisira-t-elle? La décision sera politique. Mais ce choix n'est pas qu'une question de technologie. L'enjeu est aussi diplomatique.

Les 26 vieux Tiger et les 30 F/A-18 de l'armée suisse arriveront à la fin de leur durée d'utilisation au plus tard vers 2030. Après le retrait du suédois Saab, constructeur du Gripen, il ne reste plus que quatre constructeurs en lice pour les remplacer: le français Dassault (Rafale), l'européen Airbus (Eurofighter) et les américains Boeing (F/A-18 Super Hornet) et Lockheed-Martin (F-35A).

Les quatre jets ont été évalués entre avril et juin sur la base aérienne de Payerne (VD). Objectif: tester leurs capacités en conditions réelles. Au terme de l'appel d'offres, le Département fédéral de la défense effectuera une recommandation fondée sur l'efficacité opérationnelle, mais aussi sur d'autres critères comme les coûts d'achat et d'exploitation. La décision finale reviendra au Conseil fédéral.

Quel avion pour quel partenaire?

La compétition entre les quatre candidats se jouera sur les capacités de l'appareil mais aussi sur les contreparties industrielles - les affaires compensatoires - exigées par la Suisse. Moins visible, il existe aussi un autre enjeu, plus diplomatique. Pour le comprendre, la RTS s'est rendue dans la capitale française. Le ministère français des Armées, qui chapeaute l'offre pour le Rafale, lui a exceptionnellement ouvert ses portes.

La France, cinquième puissance militaire mondiale, n'exporte pas ses armes comme elle exporte ses voitures, explique Thierry Carlier, chargé du dossier côté français. "Qu'un pays ami acquiert un système qui est le même que celui de la France permet de développer des partenariats très importants. C'est pour ça que notre offre dépasse largement la question du Rafale", affirme-t-il.

Pour le directeur du développement international de la Direction générale de l'armement (DGA), cette notion de partenariat est importante. Acheter un avion français permettrait de créer des opportunités au niveau technologique, avec des échanges, mais également sur un plan plus opérationnel: réalisation d'exercices communs, utilisation par la Suisse de terrains d'entraînement français, développement des missions de police du ciel existantes, partage d'expériences, etc.

"Europe de la défense"

La France n'est pas la seule à vouloir séduire la Suisse avec un partenariat. C'est aussi le cas de l'Allemagne, qui vend l'Eurofighter, fabriqué par Airbus. Acheter cet avion, c'est s'allier davantage à l'Allemagne, comme le relevait ce printemps le lieutenant-colonel de l'armée de l'air allemande Ingo Stüer lors de la présentation de l'Eurofighter à Payerne.

"Je pense que les défis pour les armées de l'air en Europe sont tous les mêmes, affirmait-il. Pour l'armée de l'air allemande, c'est important d'être interopérable avec nos alliés, afin d'être capable d'agir ensemble s'il le faut. C'est pourquoi nous cherchons une coopération très étroite avec l'armée de l'air suisse."

La France et l'Allemagne, avec leurs offres, proposent aussi à la Suisse "l'Europe de la défense", une certaine vision d'une Europe géographique souveraine défendue par Emmanuel Macron. "Je pense qu'il y a une cohérence des Européens à s'équiper en européen. Je défends beaucoup cette idée", expliquait en juin dernier le président français à la RTS.

L'argument économique

Si cette "Europe de la défense" n'intéresse pas la Suisse, il reste les deux chasseurs américains. Lors des essais du F/A-18 Super Hornet et du F-35A à Payerne, l'ambassadeur des Etats-Unis en Suisse Edward McMullen adoptait d'ailleurs des arguments différents de ses concurrents européens. Un style diplomatique davantage porté sur les enjeux économiques. "Lorsqu'on parle de développement économique et d'opportunités de marchés, il s'agit d'un partenariat. Nous sommes conscients que la Suisse est neutre et il n'y a aucune alliance avec elle", explique-t-il.

Un vote sur le principe, pas sur l'avion

L'Europe ou les Etats-Unis? Pour quel partenariat? Le Conseil fédéral se réserve ce choix. Sur ce point, le peuple n'aura pas son mot à dire. Il ne votera que sur l'enveloppe de six milliards de francs destinée à l'acquisition des nouveaux avions de combat sans connaître le nom de son futur partenaire. La votation devrait intervenir à l'automne 2020.

https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/10922471-l-achat-d-un-nouvel-avion-de-combat-un-choix-militaire-et-diplomatique.html

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