July 14, 2020 | Local, Aerospace
Extra-large autonomous submarines may revolutionize intelligence gathering and espionage under the sea. One of these ground breaking projects is the U.S. Navy's Boeing Orca extra-large uncrewed underwater vehicle (XLUUV). It is much larger than any other underwater drone currently in the water. But there is a historical precursor that, despite its epic Cold War story, is not widely known. And its mission, to lay covert sensor networks in the arctic, may be as relevant today as it was then.
During the Cold War, NATO believed that Russian submarines were using the ice cap in the Canadian Arctic as cover to covertly move between the Atlantic and Pacific. So the U.S. and Canada placed a special sonar network there, deep under the ice. Canadian engineers had to build the world's largest autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), Theseus, to lay a cable where ships could not reach.
The project started in the 1980s, at a time when Russian submarines were getting much quieter. To listen for them, a joint U.S. and Canadian sonar array was to be placed several hundred miles north of the remote Canadian base at CFS Alert. The array was codenamed Spinnaker, in honor of the bar where scientists made many of the unclassified decisions in the project. This was similar to the now-famous SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System), but used classified technology to match its operational circumstances. In fact it must have been much more advanced than the original SOSUS.
Connecting the sonar array to the base would require laying a fiber-optic cable for hundreds of miles under permanent ice cap. The solution was to build the world's largest autonomous underwater vehicle. The uncrewed submarine would swim from an ice hole nearer to the base all the way to the Spinnaker array. As it went the cable would unreel out of the back. Thus ‘Theseus' got its name from the mythical hero of Ancient Greece who trailed thread behind him when he ventured into the labyrinth to fight the Minotaur.
When we think of advanced Canadian military projects which were ahead of their time, the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow springs to mind. That delta-winged Mach-2 fighter flew in the 1950s and was cutting edge technology at the time, one of the all-time great aircraft. But it was cancelled abruptly in 1959 before it could enter service. The Theseus AUV is up there with the Avro Arrow, but less well recognized. And unlike the Arrow, it was used operationally, in one of the boldest projects started during the Cold War.
The project had many secret aspects. Years later much of what we know about the project comes from Bruce Butler, one of the core team involved. Bulter has written a book, Into the Labyrinth (on Amazon), and recently talked to the Underwater Technology Podcast about the project.
Theseus was 35 feet long and about 4 feet across. In AUV terms this is large, even today. In modern naval terminology it would be categorized as a large-displacement uncrewed underwater vehicle (LDUUV).
The Spinnaker sonar system was placed on the sea floor right on the edge of the arctic shelf. It was about 84 degrees north, up in the top right-hand corner of Canada, near to Greenland. Such an advanced project took years to realize, so it was not until spring 1996 when Theseus could go to work laying the cable. The whole operation was pushing the boundaries of uncrewed underwater vehicles at the time. Despite some close calls along the way, Theseus was able to navigate to the Spinnaker, letting out the vital thread as it went.
Many details of the project and technology involved are still classified. And we may never know whether Spinnaker ever picked up any Russian submarines. By the time it had been laid the Russian Navy was in steep decline following the end of the Cold War.
But with a resurgent Russian Navy today, the relevance of systems like Spinnaker may be greater than ever. And one of the roles which large submarine drones like the Orca might do is lay cables on the sea floor, unseen from above. Historical precedents like Theseaus can help us understand the way that these might be employed, and the challenges that they will face.
April 9, 2024 | Local, Aerospace
New airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft and funding for tactical helicopters to replace multi-role CH-146 Griffons, are among the key aerospace elements of an updated defence policy.
May 17, 2018 | Local, Aerospace
News release Positioning Canadian industry for a once-in-a-generation opportunity May 16, 2018, Ottawa, Ontario Canada's planned purchase of 88 new fighter jets would be its largest aerospace buy in more than 30 years. It presents a once-in-a-generation opportunity to create jobs and generate benefits for Canadians. The purchase of these jets is subject to the Industrial and Technological Benefits (ITB) Policy, which requires that for every dollar the government spends on major defence purchases, the winning contractor must put a dollar back into Canada's economy. Through this policy, the government's purchasing power is being used to support innovation and create well-paying middle-class jobs. This was the message delivered at a series of six regional forums held across the country by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, in concert with National Defence, Public Services and Procurement Canada, and the regional development agencies. Representatives from more than 250 companies and 50 universities and research institutions participated in a total of 750 meetings. They were able to meet directly with fighter manufacturers and start building relationships and partnerships during these forums, positioning them to take advantage of the opportunities that will come from this large-scale procurement. By working with Canada's aerospace and defence industries, our government is making sure that Canadians get the most benefits possible from large defence purchases. Quotes “The Industrial and Technological Benefits Policy means we can turn the most significant investment in the Royal Canadian Air Force in more than 30 years into middle-class jobs and economic benefits for Canadians.” – The Honourable Navdeep Bains, Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development “Our government has achieved yet another important milestone as we continue to make progress toward replacing Canada's fighter fleet. This procurement will generate significant economic benefits for Canadians, and we committed to ensuring that our Canadian aerospace and defence sectors are well-positioned to participate in the renewal of Canada's fighter fleet.” – The Honourable Carla Qualtrough, Minister of Public Services and Procurement “A modern fighter jet fleet is essential for defending Canadian sovereignty, enabling continental security, and contributing to international peace and security. I am pleased to hear about the productive conversations that have been taking place with Canadian industry members and partners these past few weeks. This competition presents a great opportunity for Canadian industry to be involved with the sustainment of the future fighter fleet.” – The Honourable Harjit S. Sajjan, Minister of National Defence Quick facts Canada's aerospace and defence industries together contribute over 240,000 quality jobs. The aerospace industry directly contributed $13 billion in gross domestic product and over 87,000 jobs to the Canadian economy in 2016. The Canadian defence sector includes over 650 firms employing highly skilled workers in high-quality jobs. Since 1986, Canada's ITB Policy and its predecessor, the Industrial and Regional Benefits Policy, have contributed almost $40 billion to Canada's gross domestic product. Applying the policy generates around 40,000 jobs annually. https://www.canada.ca/en/innovation-science-economic-development/news/2018/05/creating-jobs-through-defence-procurement.html
July 19, 2021 | Local, Aerospace
As the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) upgrades its fleet with new aircraft, including the upcoming purchase of 88 advanced fighter jets, it is revamping pilot training through a multibillion-dollar programme called Future Aircrew Training (FAcT).