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December 17, 2020 | International, Aerospace, Naval, Land, C4ISR, Security

A quoi serviront les 8 milliards d’euros du fonds européen de Défense

C'est la première fois que l'Union européenne investit aussi massivement dans le domaine de la Défense. L'argent doit permettre de financer la recherche et le développement de nouvelles technologies militaires en favorisant les coopérations entre industriels de différents pays.

En gestation depuis 2016, le fonds européen de Défense (FED) doté de près 8 milliards d'euros (7,953 milliards exactement) sera bientôt une réalité. La Commission européenne a salué, lundi 14 décembre, l'aboutissement des négociations entre les Etats membres et le Parlement européen afin que l'UE dispose enfin d'un budget de soutien à l'innovation en matière de défense.

Un vote doit encore avoir lieu au Parlement européen et au Conseil européen afin d'approuver définitivement le texte d'accord. "Il s'agit du tout premier programme financier pluriannuel visant à soutenir la recherche et le développement dans le domaine de la défense dans l'Union", se félicite la Commission. Les 8 milliards d'euros dégagés sur la période 2021-2027 sont toutefois bien en deçà des 13 milliards d'euros prévus à l'origine, d'où le sentiment mitigé de la part de certains industriels de l'armement.

Un dispositif spécifique pour les PME

Le but du FED est de faire émerger une base industrielle et technologique de défense de dimension européenne en favorisant les rapprochements et les coopérations. Pour prétendre à des financements, les industriels de différents pays devront en effet s'associer en consortium. Les deux tiers du FED seront orientés vers le financement du développement de nouvelles capacités militaires en complément des investissements des Etats membres. L'autre tiers de cette somme servira au financement de projets de recherche collaboratifs. Par ailleurs, les PME qui participeront à des projets de R&D transfrontaliers seront aidées à travers un dispositif spécifique.

Ce fonds s'appuie sur l'expérience du programme européen de développement industriel de défense qui avait déjà mobilisé 500 millions d'euros pour 2019 et 2020. Des domaines de recherche prioritaires avaient alors été définis : l'électronique, des métamatériaux, les logiciels cryptés... Ce financement était également ouvert au développement de technologies dans les domaines des drones, des communications par satellites...

Mettre fin à l'émiettement des budgets et des initiatives

Le FED doit aussi favoriser la création d'une Europe de la Défense et mettre fin à un éparpillement des initiatives et des budgets. Selon l'agence européenne de Défense, 80 % des acquisitions et plus de 90 % des projets de recherche et technologie en matière de sécurité et de défense sont gérés sur une base nationale. Par ailleurs, l'UE dispose de 178 systèmes d'armes différents, contre 30 pour les États-Unis tout comme il existe 17 types de chars de combat en Europe contre un seul aux États-Unis.

Ce manque de coopération coûte cher aux Européens. Cela conduirait à une perte pour les Etats membres évaluée entre 25 et 100 milliards d'euros par an ! "Gr'ce à l'acquisition en commun, il serait possible d'économiser jusqu'à 30 % des dépenses annuelles en matière de défense", estime la Commission.

https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/a-quoi-serviront-les-8-milliards-d-euros-du-fonds-europeen-de-defense.N1040614

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