23 juin 2020 | International, Naval

With challenges aplenty, Europe’s navies are coming to grips with high-end warfare

By:

WASHINGTON — The former head of the U.S. Navy said in June testimony that as the service grapples with establishing the right type of force, it must account for the degraded capabilities of its allies, hinting at the once substantial Cold War-era European navies.

“In my mind [there's] been an over-fixation on the total number of ships as opposed to the nuance numbers of specific types of ships that support viable operational plans,” retired Adm. Gary Roughead, former chief of naval operations, said before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee. “There's also the need to understand just how small our allied navies have become, and in the past we have always looked to our allies to support us, but those navies are extraordinarily small.”

NATO has for years counted on the U.S. Navy as the centerpiece of its maritime forces, with the individual European navies serving as augmenting and supporting forces. And in the post-Cold War era, Europe's navies have focused on low-end missions like counterterrorism and counter-piracy.

And that has led to a precipitous decline in naval power available to surge in the event of a high-end conflict. In a 2017 study, the Center for a New American Security found that Europe's combat power at sea was about half of what it was during the height of the Cold War.

“Atlantic-facing members of NATO now possess far fewer frigates — the premier class of surface vessels designated to conduct [anti-submarine warfare] ASW operations — than they did 20 years ago,” the study found.

Where they collectively had about 100 frigates in 1995, that number hovers at 51 today.

“Similarly, these nations had, in 1995, 145 attack submarines — those dedicated to anti-shipping and anti-submarine warfare missions — but that number has plummeted to a present low of 84,” the study found.

But with the U.S. increasingly focused on Asia and amid tension within the alliance, Europe is coming to grips with the need to grow its forces and regain high-end capabilities it once had — a realization that also grew out of Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine.

“Throughout the 1990s, the focus was low-end missions: counter-piracy, counterterrorism, migration, search and rescue,” said Sebastian Bruns, head of the Center for Maritime Strategy and Security in Kiel, Germany. “And they did so with the legacy platforms of the 1980s and 1990s. You know, sending an ASW frigate to fight piracy, well that's not a lot of bang for your buck.

“But 2014, that's really the turnaround. I can't think of any European nation that's not on board with modernizing and growing their navies. But the long-lead times and having to replace the legacy units, it just takes a damned long time to turn the ship around.”

But an unfortunate side effect of the long-lead times involved in force design — sometimes a decade or more — is that pre-2014 ship designs that are coming into service now are ill-suited for the high-end fight, Bruns said.

The prime example of this mission mismatch is Germany's 7,200-ton Baden-Württemberg-class frigate. It began entering service in 2019, but is designed for low-end operations.

“They were designed in the 2000s — they even call it a ‘stabilization frigate' — and they're coming online at a time where the German Navy needs them for presence, but they don't have the kind of teeth you'd expect for a 7,000-ton frigate,” Bruns said. “They're really capable for presence and maritime security operations, but of course that's not so much the world we live in anymore.”

But new, more advanced frigates are starting to filter into the market. For example, in 2017, France's Naval Group launched a five-hull intermediate air defense frigate program designed to intercept air threats with the Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles.

And in January, the German Navy announced it had hired Dutch shipbuilder Damen to build at least four new MKS 180 frigates — a 9,000-ton ship designed to operate in waters with ice formations in a nod to the renewed competition in the Arctic.

Payloads over platforms

It's not just new frigate designs that show Europe gradually upping its game.

Similar to the track the U.S. Navy has taken in fielding the Naval Strike Missile on its littoral combat ships and the Marine Corps' approach to fielding it as a shore battery, European navies have begun to upgrade their ships' systems in preparation for a high-end fight, said Jeremy Stöhs, a naval analyst who authored the book “Decline of European Naval Forces.”

“What we see now is since 2014 the focus is much more on sea control, lines of communication, territorial defense,” Stöhs said. “But because of the long-lead times, it is not just the ships they're building; it's the sensor suites, midlife upgrades, focusing again on sea-denial capabilities.”

Countries like the Black Sea and Scandinavian states are investing in anti-ship missiles and shore-based missile systems, he added, whereas a lot of those weapons were disbanded in the 1990s.

In 2016, for example, Sweden announced it was fielding coastal batteries with Saab's RBS-15 anti-ship missile to defend its Baltic coast for the first time since 2000.

The Franco-British Sea Venom anti-ship missile is being designed to launch from a helicopter such as the U.K.'s Wildcat. It recently passed its first firing trial. The missile is currently designed for small, fast-moving vessels up to Corvette-sized warships.

In the Netherlands, the government announced in 2018 that their De Zeven Provinciën-class frigates would be ditching the venerable Harpoon missile for a new, more advanced surface-to-surface missile by 2024.

Evolving threat, evolving politics

Europe's evolution toward more high-end naval battles in many ways mirrors the United States' own pivot away from wars in the Middle East and Asia. But it's also informed by changing politics.

“I'm seeing European navies pivot back to the basics: How do we handle the GIUK [Greenland, Iceland and the United Kingdom] gap? How do we patrol the North Atlantic? Anti-submarine warfare, convoy escort, anti-surface warfare: They are starting to come back to that,” said Jerry Hendrix, an analyst with Telemus Group and a retired Navy captain. “And as you are starting to see the new heavy German designs, they're coming back to focusing on a maritime challenger.”

But with this evolution has come a realization of Europe's shortcomings and just how dependent those navies have been on the U.S. for some core capabilities.

“They're starting to think about a naval force without the US present,” Hendrix said. “[German Chancellor] Angela Merkel has talked about the need for Europe to start thinking about going its own way. And by the way, I don't think that's a bad thing. I do see the interests on the continent and the U.S. going in different directions.”

But a European naval construct without the U.S. would prove challenging, as many countries based their investments on the idea of a shared responsibility, with the U.S. as the main high-end capability provider, said Bryan Clark, a senior fellow at The Hudson Institute.

“NATO, in theory, still has the NATO strategic concept where different countries were going to specialize in different capabilities, which led to the Finns and Swedes really embracing amphibious capabilities for small-scale, special operations forces insertion. The Brits and Italians focused on ASW. But without the U.S. acting as the strategic centerpiece, the strategic concept starts to fall apart.

“The concept assumes you have someone that has a multimission capability that you can augment, as opposed to: ‘We're going to pull all this together without the U.S. from a bunch of disparate countries with disparate capabilities.' ”

That situation means any NATO action with just European nations would need a lot of participation, he said.

“Before, if you had just the U.S. and three or four nations participating, you'd have a pretty robust, multimission capability” Clark said. “But without the U.S., you'd need half the alliance to contribute so as to not miss out on key mission areas.”

And without the robust U.S. logistics system, countries would have to replace not just the high-end weapons and sensors, but much of the support infrastructure as well. That could mean even more downward pressure on how much capability Europe can bring to bear.

“If you have to expend weapons or do extensive resupply or refueling, the whole model starts to break down,” Clark added. “The way the European navies are structured, they don't have this end-to-end capability to deliver on all the support missions as well.

“So if they have to invest in a significant combat logistics force, with budgets for defense being limited, that's going to mean their navies will potentially become even smaller.”

https://www.defensenews.com/smr/transatlantic-partnerships/2020/06/22/with-challenges-aplenty-europes-navies-are-coming-to-grips-with-high-end-warfare/

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Structural elements will allow for the expansion of the facility in the future if required. The facility will be constructed and certified for secure handling and storage of classified material and components to meet top secret/special access program facility classifications. Work is expected to be completed April 2022. Fiscal 2020 military construction (Navy) contract funds in the amount of $37,327,630 are obligated on this award and will not expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract was competitively procured via the Navy Electronic Commerce Online website and six proposals were received. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mid-Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity (N40085-20-C-0039). AERMOR LCC, Virginia Beach, Virginia, is awarded $27,000,000 for a firm-fixed-price indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract to provide test and evaluation support services for the commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force Undersea Warfare Division. The contract will include a 60-month base ordering period with an additional six-month ordering period option pursuant of Federal Acquisition Regulation 52.217-8, with an option to extend services. If options are exercised, the total ceiling value will increase to $30,000,000. All work will be performed in Norfolk, Virginia. The base ordering period is expected to be completed November 2025. If the option is exercised, the ordering period will be completed May 2026. Fiscal 2020 research, development, test and evaluation (Navy) funds in the amount of $2,500 will be obligated to fund the contract's minimum amount. Funds will be issued as individual task orders are received and will not expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract was competitively procured with the solicitation posted on beta.SAM.gov as a service-disabled, veteran-owned, small business set-aside using commercial items procedures. Three offers were received. The Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics Center Norfolk, Contracting Department Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity (N00189-20-D-0014). Q.E.D. Systems Inc.,* Virginia Beach, Virginia, is awarded an $18,105,774 cost-plus-fixed-fee, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract in support of engineering services and technical services. Work will be performed at various locations throughout the world as assigned by each task order. The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia Division (NSWCPD) engineering, technical, production and subsequent logistic support services (including personnel and facilities) require establishment and maintenance of rotatable pools of steam propulsion plant main steam and auxiliary steam system components, steam boiler appurtenances and associated equipment and spares required by NSWCPD Code 412. Work is expected to be completed July 2025. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Navy) funding in the amount of $500,000 will be obligated at time of award on the initial task order and will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract was competitively procured via the contracts opportunities at the beta.SAM.gov website and one offer was received. The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the contracting activity (N64498-20-D-4025). TEC-AECOM Pacific JV, Charlottesville, Virginia, is awarded a $15,000,000 firm-fixed-price modification to increase the maximum dollar value of an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract for architect-engineering services. These services are for the preparation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents and environmental studies at various Navy and Marine Corps activities located within the Pacific Basin and Indian Ocean areas. After award of this modification, the total cumulative contract value will be $88,000,000. Work will be performed predominantly in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (90%); and other areas within the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Pacific area of responsibility (AOR) and may include services for other Department of Defense (DOD) or federal agencies (10%). The work to be performed provides for, but is not limited to, environmental planning services in the preparation, updating and reviewing of NEPA documents, environmental studies and technical services related to such documents as may be requested by the Department of the Navy and NAVFAC Pacific AOR. Work may also include services for other DOD or federal agencies. Work is expected to be completed July 2023. No funds will be obligated at time of award; funds will be obligated on individual task order modifications as they are issued. Task order modifications will be primarily funded by customer reimbursable funds. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, is the contracting activity (N62742-11-D-1801). Coastal Enterprises of Jacksonville Inc., Jacksonville, North Carolina, is awarded an $8,248,306 indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity modification for the exercise of Option Four under contract for grounds maintenance services at Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune; Marine Corps Air Station, New River, North Carolina; and other outlying locations. After award of this option, the total cumulative contract value will be $39,851,930. Work will be performed in Jacksonville, North Carolina. The work to be performed provides for grounds maintenance services that will maintain landscaping, mowing, trimming grass, weed control and fire ant treatment for the Camp Lejeune Complex. This includes commands such as the Naval Hospital, Marine Corps Special Operations Command and Department of Defense dependent schools. The option period is from August 2020 to July 2021. No funds will be obligated at time of award. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Marine Corps) contract funds in the amount of $4,787,098 for recurring work will be obligated on individual task orders issued during the option period. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mid-Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity (N40085-16-D-6318). Bamforth Engineers and Surveyors Inc.,* Norfolk, Virginia, is awarded an $8,144,376 firm-fixed-price task order (N40085-20-F-6095) under an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity architect-engineering contract for the full design of aircraft maintenance hangar P475 at Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort, South Carolina. Work will be performed at the Marine Corps Air Station, South Carolina. The work to be performed will provide design and engineering services for a nine-bay aircraft maintenance and training hangars and a parking structure. The aircraft maintenance hangar is comprised of four distinct areas: the hangar bay, the shop and maintenance area, the administration and operations area and a secure area. Work is expected to be completed July 2021. Fiscal 2020 military construction (Navy) contract funds in the amount of $8,144,376 are obligated on this award and will not expire at the end of the current fiscal year. This contract was competitively procured via the Navy Electronic Commerce online website and three proposals were received. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mid-Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity (N40085-19-D-9164). TOTE Services LLC, Jacksonville, Florida, is awarded a $7,965,634 modification for the firm-fixed-price portion of previously awarded contract N32205-18-C-3002 for operations and maintenance of the offshore petroleum discharge system vessels, USNS Wheeler and USNS Fast Tempo. This modification exercises the second of four one-year option periods of this contract. The vessels will continue to support the Military Sealift Command's world-wide prepositioning requirements. Work will be performed at sea, worldwide and is expected to be completed, if all options are exercised, by July 2023. Working capital funds (Navy) in the amount of $7,965,634 are obligated for fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2021 and will not expire at the end of the fiscal years. The Military Sealift Command, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity. L3 Harris Technologies Inc., Rochester, New York, is awarded a $7,791,645 firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity modification to exercise Ordering Period One under previously awarded contract M67004-19-D-0002. This modification provides for the refurbishment of Marine Corps radio components associated with controlled cryptographic communications. The option ordering period is August 1, 2020, through July 31, 2021. The modification increases the value of the basic contract to $15,305,690. Work will be performed in Rochester, New York. Fiscal 2020 working capital (Navy) funds in the amount of $437,974 will be obligated on the first delivery order at the time of award and will not expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Marine Corps Logistics Command, Albany, Georgia, is the contracting activity. ARMY Duke Energy Progress LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, was awarded a $50,998,450 firm-fixed-price contract to furnish financing, personnel, management, supplies, equipment, transportation and any other items and services not government furnished to install the energy conservation measures to meet Fort Bragg's energy goals and objectives. Bids were solicited via the internet with one received. Work will be performed in Fayetteville, North Carolina, with an estimated completion July 30, 2041. No funds were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Field Directorate Office, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, is the contracting activity (W9124J-20-F-0052). BAE Systems Ordnance Systems Inc., Radford, Virginia, was awarded a $35,683,004 modification (000824) to contract W52P1J-11-D-0013 for award of MK90 grain, the shipping of the grains and the return of the empty grain cages to Radford Army Ammunition Plant. Work will be performed in Radford, Virginia, with an estimated completion Dec. 21, 2021. Fiscal 2018, 2019 and 2020 procurement of ammunition (Army) funds; and Foreign Military Sales (Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iraq, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Singapore) funds in the amount of $35,683,004 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, is the contracting activity. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. LLC, Oak Brook, Illinois, was awarded a $30,695,071 firm-fixed-price contract for beach nourishment from Brigantine Inlet to Great Egg Harbor Inlet, Absecon Island, Atlantic County, New Jersey. Bids were solicited via the internet with two received. Work will be performed in Brigantine, New Jersey, with an estimated completion March 31, 2021. Fiscal 2020 civil construction funds in the amount of $30,695,071 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the contracting activity (W912BU-20-C-0036). Northrop Grumman Systems Corp., Herndon, Virginia, was awarded a $20,715,078 modification (P00077) to contract W58RGZ-17-C-0014 for contractor logistics support services for government-owned, fixed-wing fleet performing Special Electronic Mission Aircraft missions. Work will be performed in Herndon, Virginia, with an estimated completion Aug. 31, 2021. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Army) funds in the amount of $20,715,078 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity. The Boeing Co., Mesa, Arizona, was awarded a $16,800,000 modification (P00050) to contract W58RGZ-16-C-0023 for the United Arab Emirates Apache AH-64E Program. Work will be performed in Mesa, Arizona, with an estimated completion Dec. 31, 2024. Fiscal 2010 Foreign Military Sales (United Arab Emirates) funds in the amount of $16,800,000 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity. General Dynamics Land Systems, Sterling Heights, Michigan, was awarded a $9,203,685 modification (000312) to contract W56HZV-18-D-0012 to adjust delivery schedule for 217 Kuwait M1A2K Abrams tanks. Work will be performed in Lima, Ohio, with an estimated completion June 30, 2022. Fiscal 2020 Foreign Military Sales (Kuwait) funds in the amount of $9,203,685 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Detroit Arsenal, Michigan, is the contracting activity. Oshkosh Defense LLC, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, was awarded a $9,073,083 modification (P00333) to contract W56HZV-15-C-0095 to exercise available options to perform system technical support efforts. Work will be performed in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, with an estimated completion Sept. 30, 2022. Fiscal 2020 other procurement (Army) and procurement (defense-wide) funds in the amount of $9,073,083 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Detroit Arsenal, Michigan, is the contracting activity. Randy Kinder Excavating Inc.,* Dexter, Missouri, was awarded an $8,890,292 firm-fixed-price contract for clearing, snagging and channel excavation of Ditch 251 Upper in New Madrid and Pemiscot Counties, Missouri. Bids were solicited via the internet with four received. Work will be performed in Dexter, Missouri, with an estimated completion Sept. 30, 2021. Fiscal 2020 civil operations and maintenance funds in the amount of $8,890,292 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis, Tennessee, is the contracting activity (W912EQ-20-C-0009). Nextech Solutions LLC,* Orange Park, Florida, was awarded an $8,873,184 firm-fixed-price contract for procuring REDCOM Sigma System core and maintenance. Bids were solicited via the internet with two received. Work will be performed at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, with an estimated completion June 14, 2025. Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance (Army) funds in the amount of $8,873,184 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, is the contracting activity (W56JSR-20-C-0006). Babcock SDV LLC,* Arkansas City, Kansas, was awarded a $7,962,753 firm-fixed-price contract for furnishing all plant, labor and materials for clearing and snagging, top bank shaping, channel excavation, disposal of excavated materials, shoal removal and seeding and mulching. Bids were solicited via the internet with three received. Work will be performed in Caruthersville, Missouri, with an estimated completion June 1, 2022. Fiscal 2020 civil construction funds in the amount of $7,962,753 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis, Tennessee, is the contracting activity (W912EQ-20-C-0012). Ashford Leebcor Enterprises,* Williamsburg, Virginia, was awarded a $7,711,655 firm-fixed-price contract to renovate Building 32 into a fitness center at the Defense Logistics Agency and Defense Supply Center, Richmond, Virginia. Bids were solicited via the internet with eight received. Work will be performed in Richmond, Virginia, with an estimated completion Aug. 30, 2021. Fiscal 2018 sustainment, restoration, maintenance funds in the amount of $7,711,655 were obligated at the time of the award. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk, Virginia, is the contracting activity (W91236-20-C-2011). Kearfott Corp.,* Black Mountain, North Carolina, was awarded a $7,190,506 firm-fixed-price contract for maintenance and overhaul of the electro-mechanical actuator, a Black Hawk helicopter part. Bids were solicited via the internet with one received. Work locations and funding will be determined with each order, with an estimated completion July 30, 2025. U.S. Army Contracting Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, is the contracting activity (W58RGZ-20-F-0491). WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS SERVICES Boston Consulting Group, Bethesda, Maryland, has been awarded an $8,340,080 firm-fixed-price contract. The contract provides planning, programming, budget execution and assessment, to include audit processes to modernize Marine Corps corporate governance. The objective of this action is to explore, rationalize, analyze, and report on requirements, resources, risks and their impacts (direct, secondary, tertiary). Fiscal 2020 operations and maintenance funds in the amount of $8,340,080 are being awarded. The expected completion Dec. 18, 2020. Washington Headquarters Services, Arlington, Virginia, is the contracting activity (HQ0034-16-A-0003). DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY Raytheon Co. Missile Systems, Tucson, Arizona, was awarded a modification to exercise options totaling $7,788,259 to previously awarded contract HR0011-19-C-0008 for a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency research project. The modification brings the total cumulative face value of the contract from $51,895,419 to $59,683,678. Work will be performed in Tucson, Arizona, with an expected completion December 2021. Fiscal 2020 research, development, test and evaluation funds in the amount of $3,703,322 are being obligated at time of award. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia, is the contracting activity. *Small Business **Service-disabled veteran owned small business https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2296685/source/GovDelivery/

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