30 janvier 2019 | International, Aérospatial

Dossier biocarburant, les avions de chasse à la pointe

Pascal Kümmerling

Pour faire suite au développement des essais de bio-kérosène dans l'aviation civile de mon dernier article, je vous propose cette fois de nous intéresser à ce qui se fait déjà pour l'aviation militaire. A plus forte raison, que nous sommes également concernés en suisse depuis la semaine dernière avec la dépose des offres pour le renouvellement de la flotte d'avions de combat.

Les F-16 hollandais volent au biofuel

La dernière bonne nouvelle provient des Pays-Bas. En effet, le ministère néerlandais de la Défense (MoD) a annoncé que les F-16A/B « Fighting Falcon » de l'armée de l'air néerlandaise (RNLAF) basés à Leeuwarden utilisent des biocarburants depuis le 14 janvier dernier. Le ministère a indiqué que la base avait reçu au cours de la semaine du 14 janvier 400'000 litres de bio-kérosène recyclé à partir d'huile de cuisson.

Le biocarburant est produit par la société américaine World Energy, qui, selon le ministère de la Défense des États-Unis, est le seul producteur au monde. Il est fourni par SkyNRG et Shell Aviation, avec le soutien de l'organisation néerlandaise des matériels de défense et du service de ravitaillement. Le mélange utilisé réduit les émissions de CO2 de 60 à 80% par rapport au carburant conventionnel.

Le colonel Paul de Witte, responsable de la réglementation et du développement de la logistique matérielle à la Royal Dutch Air Force, a déclaré: « La transition vers une aviation durable est d'une importance capitale pour la Royal Dutch Air Force. En 2010, nous avons effectué le premier vol de démonstration avec un hélicoptère Boeing AH-64 « Apache » utilisant du biocarburant. Nous souhaitons maintenant travailler à l'exploitation structurelle de tous nos avions en service à partir de tous nos sites. En 2030, l'armée de l'air veut réduire la dépendance aux combustibles fossiles de 20% et, en 2050, pas moins de 70%.

L'US Air Force & L'US Navy engagées

Les vols avec du biocarburant tant civils que militaires ne datent pas d'hier, mais jusqu'ici les appareils testés n'emportaient qu'un maximum de 50% de biocarburant mélangé avec du kérosène d'origine fossile. L'US Air Force a été la première à lancer une série de tests en vol avec un A-10 « Thunderbolt II » en mars 2010 , dont les moteurs étaient alimentés à 50/50 par un mélange de kérosène JP-8 et de cameline. Ce premier vol d'une durée de 90 minutes a eu lieu depuis la base d'Eglin en Floride.

De son côté, l'US Navy n'est pas en reste avec le programme «Green Hornet», et a fait voler avec le même mélange un F/A-18F « Super Hornet » en avril 2010. L'USN a fixé un objectif de diminuer de moitié ses besoins énergétiques à partir de sources alternatives d'ici 2020. Appliquées aux aéronefs militaires d'aujourd'hui, l'initiative «Green Hornet» peut accroître la capacité en réduisant la dépendance sur les combustibles fossiles par des sources étrangères et de la volatilité liée aux conduites de carburant et de transport.

Les Gripen suédois certifiés avec 100% de biocarburant

L'avionneur suédois a réussi une première mondiale en avril 2017 avec le premier vol d'un avion de combat Gripen D alimenté exclusivement au biocarburant.

Ces vols à 100% verts d'un avion de combat Saab JAS-39D Gripen démontrent le fruit d'une volonté politique associée à une détermination de l'avionneur suédois. En parallèle, cette stratégie vise à soutenir et à développer les conditions pour la technologie environnementale. La stratégie suédoise inclut le support pour l'innovation et la promotion des exportations. L'ambition du gouvernement est de créer les conditions pour le développement du secteur de la technologie suédoise en matière d'environnement et de contribuer ainsi à un meilleur environnement en Suède et dans le monde. Car, pour la Suède, il devient également possible de partager son savoir faire avec les futurs acquéreurs potentiels des avions de la famille Gripen. D'un point de vue stratégique, il s'agit également de diminuer la dépendance vis-à-vis des énergies fossiles, notamment en cas de crise pétrolière.

Ces vols, avec 100% de biocarburant, démontrent aujourd'hui que les ingénieurs ont acquis suffisamment de connaissances pour l'utilisation future de carburant de remplacement. Ces vols prouvent également que la famille d'avion « Gripen » est « sûr » avec ce nouveau carburant. Les vols avec un Gripen D biplace ont été réalisés depuis les installations de Saab à Linköping. En terme fonctionnement moteur, l'équipe de test n'a noté aucune différence entre le biocarburant et le kérosène ordinaire, ce qui signifie que le biocarburant peut être utilisé comme une alternative parfaitement satisfaisante au carburant ordinaire dans Gripen. Le carburant testé CHCJ-5 est constitué d'huile de colza. Par ailleurs, ce biocarburant satisfait aux mêmes exigences de combustion que le carburant fossile.

Le prochain avion pour la Suisse volera au biofuel

Nous connaissons les cinq avions en course pour le renouvellement de notre flotte. Deux appareils se distinguent en matière de certification au biofuel, il s'agit du Gripen suédois de Saab et du Super Hornet de Boeing. Les trois autres concurrents ont un peu de retard sur la certification d'un kérosène vert, mais les trois avionneurs confirment que les appareils proposés le deviendront dans un avenir proche. Reste que nous devrons opter en Suisse soit pour l'achat de biofuel ou d'en produire directement dans notre pays. Cette dernière solution permettrait non seulement de créer de l'emploi est serait un atout pour la fourniture de notre aviation militaire et des transporteurs aériens civils.

https://blogs.letemps.ch/pascal-kuemmerling/2019/01/28/dossier-biocarburant-les-avions-de-chasse-a-la-pointe/

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