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June 27, 2019 | International, Aerospace

Le voie est ouverte pour une votation sur les jets de combat

KEYSTONE/EDDY RISCH

La voie est ouverte pour une votation sur les avions de combat. Le Conseil fédéral a remis mercredi au Parlement son projet d'arrêté attaquable par référendum. La facture est de six milliards. Les exigences pour les affaires compensatoires ont été revues à la baisse.

Quatre jets sont sur les rangs. De ce côté-ci de l'Atlantique, on retrouve le Rafale français (Dassault) et l'européen Eurofighter (Airbus). S'y ajoutent deux avions américains: le successeur du FA-18, le Super Hornet de Boeing, et le F-35A de Lockheed-Martin. Le Gripen E suédois (Saab) n'est plus dans la course depuis deux semaines.

Les Suisses ne voteront pas sur le modèle d'avion mais uniquement sur le principe de l'achat. Le Conseil fédéral se prononcera sur le type de jet après le scrutin populaire, qui devrait avoir lieu en septembre ou en novembre 2020. Le recours aux urnes est une attente dont il faut tenir compte sur le plan politique, selon le gouvernement.

Les deux derniers projets d'achats de jets avaient été marqués par un scrutin populaire. L'acquisition de F/A-18 avait été rendue possible après l'échec en 1993 de l'initiative populaire s'y opposant. L'achat de Gripen a été rejeté en 2014 après un référendum contre le fonds qui aurait dû être mis sur pied pour le financer.

A la mi-mai, la ministre de la défense Viola Amherd avait déjà exposé la marche à suivre pour les nouveaux jets. Elle avait alors revu et corrigé le projet d'arrêté de planification lancé par son prédécesseur Guy Parmelin.

Seulement les avions

Plus question désormais d'impliquer aussi l'achat d'un système de défense sol-air de longue portée, qui se fera dans le cadre des programmes d'armement ordinaires. L'arrêté précise toutefois que l'acquisition des jets sera coordonnée, sur le plan technique et du point de vue du calendrier, avec la défense sol-air.

Dans un rapport, l'expert, ancien spationaute et pilote militaire Claude Nicollier plaidait pour l'acquisition d'une quarantaine d'avions ainsi que pour un système de défense sol-air de longue portée pouvant couvrir environ 15'000 km2. Soit une facture totale de 9 milliards.

Le gouvernement en reste à son plafond de 8 milliards. L'arrêté de planification ne comporte que le volume de financement maximal pour les avions, soit 6 milliards. Un volume inférieur compromettrait la taille de la flotte. Prévoir davantage ne laisserait pas de cadre financier suffisant pour le système de défense sol-air, selon Viola Amherd.

Affaires compensatoires

Le Conseil fédéral est surtout revenu sur ses exigences en matière d'affaires compensatoires. Les entreprises étrangères qui se voient confier des mandats dans le cadre de l'acquisition des jets devront compenser 60% de la valeur contractuelle par l'octroi de mandats en Suisse, dont 20 % directement et 40 % indirectement dans le domaine de la base technologique et industrielle en lien avec la sécurité.

Dans un rapport, l'ancien directeur du Contrôle fédéral des finances Kurt Grüter s'était montré sceptique face à une compensation à 100%, qui enfreindrait le principe de la liberté du commerce et de l'industrie.

Pour lui, les compensations ne doivent être utilisées que pour renforcer la base technologique et industrielle suisse et il est impossible de compenser intégralement un volume de 6 à 7 milliards. Une exigence moindre en affaires compensatoires pourrait aussi faire baisser le prix des avions, a reconnu Viola Amherd.

D'ici 2030

Pour le reste, l'arrêté précise que la mise en service des nouveaux avions de combat doit être achevée d'ici à fin 2030. Et que leur acquisition est proposée à l'Assemblée fédérale dans le cadre d'un programme d'armement.

Le Conseil fédéral en profite pour souligner qu'il faut que l'armée puisse protéger la Suisse, à l'avenir aussi, contre des attaques aériennes, qu'elles soient menées par des forces armées ou par des groupes terroristes. Cette protection est cruciale.

Les avions de combat actuels (30 F/A-18 et 26 Tigers) arriveront à la fin de leur durée d'utilisation au plus tard vers 2030. S'ils ne sont pas remplacés à temps, l'armée ne pourra plus remplir sa mission. Le projet d'acquisition s'étendra sur plus de dix ans.

https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/le-voie-est-ouverte-pour-une-votation-sur-les-jets-de-combat/45057728

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