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December 17, 2019 | International, Aerospace, Naval, Land, C4ISR, Security

Défense : la lente remontée des investissements des armées européennes

L'Agence européenne de défense confirme une remontée des investissements dans la défense mais s'inquiète de l'absence persistante de coopération européenne et de la faiblesse toujours plus prononcée de la recherche militaire.

Par Anne Bauer

Toute statistique compilée, les dépenses militaires de l'Europe s'inscrivent en hausse pour la cinquième année consécutive. Mais l'Agence de défense européenne met en évidence de nombreuses fragilités dans cette reprise. Elle estime à 223 milliards d'euros la dépense militaire des Etats membres en 2018, contre 615 milliards aux Etats-Unis . Cette somme correspond à 1,4 % du PNB des Etats de l'Union, loin des 2 % promis à l'Otan mais aussi dans le cadre de la nouvelle politique européenne de défense. Pour rappel, la plupart des pays européens appartiennent à l'Otan - à l'exception de la Suède, la Finlande, l'Irlande, Chypre, l'Autriche et Malte.

Modernisation des équipements

Après cinq années consécutives de hausse, le budget militaire des Européens rejoint tout juste son niveau d'avant la crise financière de 2007-2008. Celle-ci avait entraîné des coupes budgétaires sévères, qui se sont traduites par une chute de 11 % des budgets des armées entre 2007 et 2013. La part des salaires des soldats étant incompressibles, les coupes ont été les plus sévères dans les dépenses consacrées aux équipements de défense (-22 %).

Il a fallu que les crises au Proche-Orient et sur le flanc est en Ukraine remettent en lumière la misère des armées européennes et que les Etats promettent de consacrer au moins 20 % de leurs moyens à la modernisation des outils de combat. En 2018, l'objectif a été pratiquement atteint avec 44,5 milliards d'euros d'investissements. Mais au lieu de saluer cette remontée, l'Agence sonne l'alerte.

Coopération européenne : l'urgence

Elle s'inquiète de l'avenir de l'industrie de défense en soulignant une chute toujours importante des budgets alloués à la recherche et l'innovation, tombés de 3 milliards d'euros en 2006 à 2,1 milliards l'an dernier. Les engagements pris pour renforcer l'Europe de la défense sont encore loin d'être entrés dans les moeurs. Alors que les pays européens ont promis de coopérer entre eux pour un minimum de 35 % de leurs équipements, chacun continue à privilégier des fournisseurs nationaux, sans se soucier de la compétitivité de leur industrie de défense.

En 2018, l'Agence européenne de défense a ainsi calculé que 17,8 % des dépenses d'équipements seulement (6,4 milliards d'euros) relèvent de programmes européens. Un chiffre qui n'atteint même pas 10 % dans la recherche et l'innovation !

Premières attaques sur le fonds européen de défense

Cet état des lieux plaide pour la mise sur pied rapide du nouveau Fonds européen de défense , destiné à rationaliser les investissements des uns et des autres. Président de Dassault Aviation et de l'Association européenne des industries aéronautiques et de défense (ASD), Eric Trappier admettait la semaine dernière sa « surprise » devant les premières tentatives de sabotage de ce futur fonds. Alors que la Commission sortante en accord avec le gouvernement français plaidait pour un fond doté de 13 milliards d'euros de budget, les négociations sur le futur budget européen ont démarré sur une copie avec un fond de défense doté de 6 milliards seulement.

https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/air-defense/defense-la-lente-remontee-des-investissements-des-armees-europeennes-1156958

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