20 février 2020 | International, Aérospatial

Le projet de futur avion de combat européen prend forme

Les études du futur avion de combat européen sont enfin lancées. L'Allemagne et la France ont signé un contrat de 150 millions d'euros ce jeudi 20 février.

Une étape de franchie. Après des mois de rivalités politico-industrielles franco-allemandes, les ministres de la Défense des deux pays ont signé jeudi 20 février à Paris un contrat de 150 millions d'euros devant conduire en 2026 à un premier prototype du futur avion de combat européen. "C'est le contrat qui nous amène sur la route d'un démonstrateur en vol en 2026" du Scaf, le Système de combat aérien futur, résume-t-on au cabinet de Florence Parly, la ministre française des Armées. Un démonstrateur est une sorte de pré-prototype destiné à valider la faisabilité d'un concept.

La ministre française et son homologue Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer ont signé l'accord gouvernemental entérinant le lancement de cette phase du projet, dite "phase 1A", prévue pour durer 18 mois. Elles ont également signé avec le secrétaire espagnol à la Défense Ángel Ramírez une lettre d'intention prévoyant l'intégration dans les mois à venir de Madrid, qui a rejoint plus tardivement le projet Scaf, dans les études de recherches et technologies. Le contrat de notification aux industriels proprement dit a été signé par le maître d'œuvre du programme, le délégué général à l'armement (DGA) Jöel Barre.

Le SCAF, qui doit remplacer d'ici une vingtaine d'années les Rafale et Eurofighter, "permettra à nos nations de faire face aux menaces et aux défis de la deuxième moitié du XXIe siècle", s'est félicité Florence Parly, saluant un projet "très ambitieux, qui "illustre notre volonté et notre ambition pour l'Europe de la Défense". A l'origine prévue lors du salon du Bourget en juin 2019, la signature de ce contrat, financé "strictement à moitié-moitié" entre les deux pays, a buté sur des tensions entre industriels des deux pays et surtout des craintes côté allemand que l'Allemagne soit perdante dans ce partenariat dont la France a été désignée cheffe de file.

Des réticences

Le déblocage a été permis la semaine passée par le vote des crédits par le Bundestag, qui ne voulait "pas détériorer les relations franco-allemandes", selon un député. Mais les parlementaires ont exprimé des réticences et exigé de l'exécutif allemand qu'il s'assure dans la longueur que les intérêts du pays ne sont pas bradés, notamment que le projet de futur char franco-allemand (MGCS), dont Berlin est leader, suive un développement parallèle à celui du SCAF. "Il y a des différences de processus entre la France et l'Allemagne, ça ne veut pas dire que les députés allemands sont moins convaincus par le SCAF", a observé devant la presse Dirk Hoke, président exécutif d'Airbus Defense and Space, l'un des principaux industriels impliqués dans le programme. "De temps en temps, il y a des nuages mais on passe au-dessus des nuages et on retrouve le ciel bleu", a pour sa part confié le PDG de Dassault Aviation Eric Trappier, selon qui "c'est vraiment un départ, on ne peut pas revenir en arrière".

L'avion de combat de nouvelle génération (dit NGF ou "New Generation Fighter"), dont Dassault est maître d'œuvre avec Airbus comme partenaire principal, est doté d'une enveloppe de 91 millions d'euros. Les études sur le moteur, développé par Safran avec l'allemand MTU, bénéficient de 18 millions d'euros, les "effecteurs déportés", de 19,5 millions. Ces drones, sur lesquels vont plancher Airbus et le missilier MBDA, accompagneront l'avion et leur rôle sera de leurrer ou saturer les défenses adverses. Un quatrième pilier (Airbus et Thales) devra mettre au point un système de "combat collaboratif" permettant de connecter avions, drones, satellites et centres de commandement. Quelque 14,5 millions d'euros y sont consacrés. Enfin, un cinquième pilier doté de 6,5 millions d'euros concerne la cohérence globale du projet et des laboratoires de simulation.

L'Espagne, avec Airbus Espagne et l'électronicien de défense Indra, est d'ores et déjà impliquée à hauteur de deux millions d'euros dans le projet de recherche et technologie. C'est une "préfiguration" d'une participation "beaucoup plus massive" d'environ 45 millions d'euros venant s'ajouter "courant 2020" aux 150 millions mis par Paris et Berlin, selon le cabinet de Florence Parly. Les montants en jeu sont certes limités par rapport à l'enveloppe globale d'un programme qui sera opérationnel à l'horizon 2040. "Mais ils vont figer l'organisation de tout le reste du contrat" , plaide-t-on de même source. Un total de 4 milliards d'euros doit être investi d'ici à 2025, 8 milliards d'ici à 2030.

https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/le-projet-de-futur-avion-de-combat-europeen-prend-forme-1362786

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